Abdominal
Pertaining to the abdomen (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Abdominoplasty
Surgical repair of the abdomen (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Abduction
Moving the limb or hand laterally away from the body, or spreading the fingers or toes (Betts et al., 2013)

Abductor
Moves the bone away from the midline (Betts et al., 2013)

Ablation
The removal or destruction of a body part or tissue or its function. Ablation may be performed by surgery, hormones, drugs, radiofrequency, heat, or other methods (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Abortion
Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Acanthosis nigricans
A disorder that causes darkening and thickening of the armpit and other body folds (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Acoustic meatus
The opening that provides for passage of the nerve from the hearing and equilibrium organs of the inner ear (Betts et al., 2013)

Acoustic neuroma
A benign tumor of the vestibular nerve in the internal auditory canal (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Acrochordons
Common benign skin growths that appear as small, raised, brown or skin-colored bumps; also called skin tags (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Acromegaly
A disorder that results in the growth of bones in the face, hands, and feet in response to excessive levels of growth hormone in individuals who have stopped growing (Betts et al., 2013)

Active immunity
Immunity developed from an individual’s own immune system (Betts et al., 2013)

Acute inflammation
Inflammation occurring for a limited time period; rapidly developing (Betts et al., 2013)

Adaptive immune response
A relatively slow but very specific and effective immune response controlled by lymphocytes (Betts et al., 2013)

Adduction
Movement that brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body, or brings the fingers or toes together (Betts et al., 2013)

Adductor
Moves the bone toward the midline (Betts et al., 2013)

Adenoid
Pharyngeal tonsil (Betts et al., 2013)

Adenoidectomy
Excision of the adenoids (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Adenosis
A disease or abnormal change in a gland (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Adipocyte
Fat cell (Betts et al., 2013)

Adipose tissue
Fat tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Adrenal cortex
The outer region of the adrenal gland; secretes steroid hormones (Betts et al., 2013)

Adrenalectomy
Excision of one or both adrenal glands (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Adventitial
The outermost layer of organs, blood vessels, and other structures in the body (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Afferent lymphatic vessels
Vessels that lead into a lymph node (Betts et al., 2013)

Afferent nerves
Nerves that carry sensory signals (nerve impulses) toward the central nervous from the periphery (Betts et al., 2013)

Agranulocytosis
A serious condition that occurs when there is an extremely low number of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
A disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). People with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are at an increased risk for developing certain cancers and for infections that usually occur only in individuals with a weak immune system (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Albumin
A type of protein found in blood, egg white, milk, and other substances (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Albuminuria
Albumin in the urine (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Allergens
Antigens that evoke type 1 hypersensitivity (allergy) responses (Betts et al., 2013)

Allergist
Specialist who specializes in treating individuals with a hypersensitivity to allergens (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Allergy
Inflammatory response due to a hypersensitivity to a substance that normally is harmless or would not cause an immune response in most people (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Alpha-fetoprotein test
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein that is produced during fetal development. The AFP test is an analysis of the mother’s blood serum to determine whether the level of AFP denotes a risk of a birth defect (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Alveolar duct
Small tube that leads from the terminal bronchiole to the respiratory bronchiole and is the point of attachment for alveoli (Betts. et al., 2013)

Alveolitis
Inflammation of the alveoli (National Library of Science, 2021)

Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Amniocentesis
A procedure for obtaining amniotic fluid (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Amniotomy
Incision into the amnion to induce labor (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Amphiarthrosis
A slightly mobile joint (Betts et al., 2013)

Ampulla
A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Anal
Pertaining to the anus (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Anaphylactic shock
A severe and sometimes life-threatening immune system reaction to an antigen that a person has been previously exposed to. The reaction may include itchy skin, edema, collapsed blood vessels, fainting, difficulty in breathing, and death (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Anatomical position
That of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward (Betts, et al 2013)

Androgens
Male sex hormones; for example, testosterone (Betts et al., 2013)

Anemia
A condition in which the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin is deficient (Betts et al., 2013)

Anesthesia
A loss of feeling or awareness caused by drugs or other substances (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Aneurysm
Weakening of the wall of a blood vessel, causing it to thin and balloon out, and possibly eventually burst, resulting in internal bleeding (Betts et al., 2013)

Angina pectoris
Chest pain. It may be a symptom of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction (Betts et al., 2013)

Angiogram
An x-ray or computer image (CT scan or MRI) of the blood vessels and blood flow in the body. A dye may be injected through a catheter (small tube) into an artery or vein to make the blood vessels easier to see (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Angiography
A procedure to x-ray blood vessels (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Angioplasty
A procedure in which an occlusion is mechanically widened with a balloon (Betts et al., 2013)

Angiosarcoma
A type of cancer that begins in the cells that line blood vessels or lymph vessels (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Angioscope
Instrument used for visual examination of blood vessels (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Angioscopy
Endoscopic examination of blood vessels (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Anisocoria
Condition of unequal pupil size (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Ankylosis
Fixation and immobility of a joint (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Antagonistic
In opposition to each other (Betts et al., 2013)

Antenatal
Having to do with the time a female is pregnant, before birth occurs; also called prenatal (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Anterior
Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Anti-B antibodies
Proteins that will mount an immune response against B antigens (Betts et al., 2013)

Antibodies

Proteins made by plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) in response to an antigen (a substance that causes the body to make a specific immune response). Each antibody can bind to only one specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Antiandrogens
Substances that keep androgens (male sex hormones) from binding to proteins called androgen receptors. Preventing this binding blocks the effects of these hormones in the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Antibiotic
A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Antibody
A protein made by plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) in response to an antigen (a substance that causes the body to make a specific immune response). Each antibody can bind to only one specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Anticholinergic drugs
Drugs that inhibit the release of acetylcholine (ACh) (Betts et al., 2013)

Antigens
Substances that provokes an immune response. This happens because the immune system sees the antigen as foreign, or ‘non-self” (does not belong in that body) (Betts et al., 2013)

Antihypertensives
A class of medications used to treat high blood pressure (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Antiretrovirals
Drugs that inhibit the ability of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or other types of retroviruses to multiply in the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Anuria
The absence of urine production (Betts et al., 2013)

Aortic stenosis
A condition in which the aortic valve becomes rigid and may calcify over time (Betts et al., 2013)

Apgar score
A technique used to assess the general wellbeing of a newborn. The newborn is assessed one minute after birth and again five minutes after birth (Betts et al., 2013)

Aphakia
Condition of no lens (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Aphasia
A loss of speech (Betts et al., 2013)

Aphonia
Condition of the absence of one’s voice (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Apnea
A temporary absence of respiration (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Apoptosis
Programmed cell death (Betts et al., 2013)

Appendectomy
Excision of the appendix (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the appendix (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Appendicular skeleton
All bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the girdle bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton (Betts et al., 2013)

Aqueous
Having to do with water (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Arachnoid mater
Middle layer of the meninges named for the spider-web–like trabeculae that extend between it and the pia mater (Betts et al., 2013)

Arachnoid trabeculae
A membrane layer of the CNS that resembles a spider web (Betts et al., 2013)

Arrhythmia
A deviation from the normal pattern of impulse conduction and contraction of the heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Arteriogram
An x-ray of arteries (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Arteriole
A very small artery that leads to a capillary (Betts et al., 2013)

Arteriosclerosis
The generalized loss of compliance; “hardening of the arteries” (Betts et al., 2013)

Artery
A blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Arthralgia
Joint pain (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Arthritis
Chronic inflammation of the synovial joints (Betts et al., 2013)

Arthrocentesis
Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Arthrography
Process of recording a joint (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Arthroplasty
Joint replacement surgery (Betts et al., 2013)

Arthroscopy
Process of viewing a joint using an endoscope (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Articulations
Where two bone surfaces meet (Betts et al., 2013)

Artificial insemination
A process where the semen is introduced into the vagina by mechanical means (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Ascites
Abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen that may cause swelling (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Aspermia
Condition of the complete absence of sperm (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Asphyxia
Condition caused by a lack of oxygen that leads to impending or actual death (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Aspirate
To withdraw fluid, tissue, or other substances from a body cavity, cyst, or tumor (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Astrocyte
Glial cell type of the central nervous system that provides support for neurons and maintains the blood-brain barrier (Betts et al., 2013)

Asymptomatic
Having no signs or symptoms of disease (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Atelectasis
Failure of the lung to expand (inflate) completely (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Atherectomy
Excision of fatty plaque (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Atherosclerosis
A hardening of the arteries that involves the accumulation of plaque (Betts et al., 2013)

Atrioventricular (AV)
The area of the heart where the atria and ventricles meet (Betts et al., 2013)

Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Mitral (bicuspid) valve that allows blood to flow from left atrium to left ventricle and tricuspid valve that allows blood to flow from right atrium to right ventricle (Betts et al., 2013)

Audiologist
Specialist who studies, diagnoses, and treats hearing-related issues (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Audiology
Medical specialty that studies hearing and hearing impairment (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Audiometry
The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Auscultation
Listening to the heart using a stethoscope (Betts et al., 2013)

Autocrine
A chemical that elicits a response in the same cell that secreted it (Betts et al., 2013)

Autoimmune diseases/disorders
Disorders in which the immune system overreacts and begins to attack itself (Betts et al., 2013)

Autonomic
Involuntary or unconscious (Betts et al., 2013)

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Functional division of the nervous system that is responsible for homeostatic reflexes that coordinate control of cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Avascular
Without blood vessels (Betts et al., 2013)

Axial skeleton
The central, vertical axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage (Betts et al., 2013)

Axilla
The underarm or armpit (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Axon hillock
Tapering of the neuron cell body that gives rise to the axon (Betts et al., 2013)

Axon segment
Single stretch of the axon insulated by myelin and bounded by nodes of Ranvier at either end (except for the first, which is after the initial segment, and the last, which is followed by the axon terminal) (Betts et al., 2013)

Axon terminal
End of the axon, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell (Betts et al., 2013)

Axons
Single process of the neuron that carries an electrical signal (action potential) away from the cell body toward a target cell (Betts et al., 2013)

Axoplasm
Cytoplasm of an axon, which is different in composition than the cytoplasm of the neuronal cell body (Betts et al., 2013)

Azotemia
Urea in the blood (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

B cells

Lymphocytes that act by differentiating into an antibody-secreting plasma cell (Betts et al., 2013)

Babinski sign

Dorsiflexion of the foot with extension and splaying of the toes in response to the plantar reflex, normally suppressed by corticospinal input (Betts et al., 2013)

Bacteria

Single-cell microorganisms that reproduce by cell division and may cause infection by invading body tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Balanitis

Inflammation of the glans penis (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Barrier defenses

Antipathogen defenses deriving from a barrier that physically prevents pathogens from entering the body to establish an infection (Betts et al., 2013)

Bartholin’s glands

Glands that produce a thick mucus that maintains moisture in the vulva area; also referred to as the greater vestibular glands (Betts et al., 2013)

Basal cell carcinoma

A form of cancer that affects the stratum basale of the epidermis (Betts et al., 2013)

Benign

Non-cancerous (Betts et al., 2013)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A benign condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Bicarbonate

A by-product of the body’s metabolism (Betts et al., 2013)

Biceps

Muscles with two origins (Betts et al., 2013)

Bilateral

Affecting both the right and left sides of the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Binocular

Pertaining to two or both eyes (Betts et al., 2013)

Biology 

A science concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Biopsy

The removal of cells or tissues for examination by a pathologist (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Bipolar

Shape of a neuron with two processes extending from the neuron cell body—the axon and one dendrite (Betts et al., 2013)

Blepharitis

Inflammation of eyelids (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Blepharoplasty

Surgical repair of the eyelid (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Blepharoptosis

Drooping of the upper eyelid (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

Physiological barrier between the circulatory system and the central nervous system that establishes a privileged blood supply, restricting the flow of substances into the central nervous system (Betts et al., 2013)

Bone marrow

Tissue found inside bones; the site of all blood cell differentiation and maturation of B lymphocytes (Betts et al., 2013)

Brachial artery

The large artery in the upper arm near the biceps muscle (Betts et al., 2013)

Bradycardia

A condition in which the heart beats slower than 50 beats per minute (Betts et al., 2013)

Bradykinesia

Condition of slow movement (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Brain

The large organ of the central nervous system composed of white and gray matter, contained within the cranium and continuous with the spinal cord (Betts et al., 2013)

Brain stem

Region of the adult brain that includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata and develops from the mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon of the embryonic brain (Betts et al., 2013)

Breech

The position of the fetus is feet first. Ideally, the position of the fetus should be headfirst for a safer delivery (Betts et al., 2013)

Broca’s area

Region of the frontal lobe associated with the motor commands necessary for speech production (Betts et al., 2013)

Brodmann’s areas

Mapping of regions of the cerebral cortex based on microscopic anatomy that relates specific areas to functional differences, as described by Brodmann in the early 1900s (Betts et al., 2013)

Bronchiectasis

Inflammation of the bronchus (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Bronchioles

Branches of the bronchi (Betts et al., 2013)

Bronchodilators

A type of drug that causes small airways in the lungs to open up (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Bronchogenic carcinoma

Cancer that begins in the tissue that lines or covers the airways of the lungs, including small cell and non-small cell lung cancer (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Bronchopneumonia

Inflammation of the lung, particularly the bronchioles and alveoli, that is associated with bronchitis (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Bronchoscope

A thin, tube-like instrument used to examine the inside of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Bronchoscopy

A procedure involving a bronchoscope to examine the inside of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Bronchospasm

Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Bronchus

Large airway that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to a lung (Betts et al., 2013)

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)

Lymphoid nodule associated with the respiratory tract (Betts et al., 2013)

Buccal cavity

The cheeks, tongue, and palate (Betts et al., 2013)

Bulbourethral glands

Glands that secrete a lubricating mucus that cleans and lubricates the urethra prior to and during ejaculation; also called Cowper’s glands (Betts et al., 2013)

Bursa

A thin connective tissue sac filled with lubricating liquid (Betts et al., 2013)

Bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa near a joint (Betts et al., 2013)

Cancer

Abnormal cells in the body that divide uncontrollably (Betts et al., 2013)

Capillaries

The smallest type of blood vessel. A capillary connects an arteriole (small artery) to a venule (small vein) to form a network of blood vessels in almost all parts of the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Carbohydrates

Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates are found in plant-based foods and dairy products and are an important fuel source (Betts et al., 2013)

Carcinogen

Any substance that causes cancer (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Cardiac

Having to do with the heart (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Cardiac cycle

The period of time that begins with contraction of the atria and ends with ventricular relaxation (Betts et al., 2013)

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary and found only in the heart. Highly coordinated contractions pump blood into the vessels of the circulatory system (Betts et al., 2013)

Cardiac notch

An indentation on the surface of the left lung (Betts et al., 2013)

Cardiac output

The measurement of blood flow from the heart through the ventricles and is usually measured in liters per minute. Any factor that causes cardiac output to increase, by elevating heart rate or stroke volume or both, will elevate blood pressure and promote blood flow (Betts et al., 2013)

Cardiac tamponade

A potentially fatal condition in which excess fluid builds within the pericardial space, preventing the heart from beating effectively (Betts et al., 2013)

Cardiac troponin

The regulatory protein for muscle contraction (Betts et al., 2013)

Cardiogenic

Originating from the heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Cardiologist

A doctor who has special training to diagnose and treat diseases of the heart and blood vessels (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Cardiology

The study of the heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Cardiomegaly

Enlarged heart (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cardiomyopathy

Disease of the heart muscle (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Carina

A ridge at the base of the trachea (windpipe) that separates the openings of the right and left main bronchi (the large air passages that lead from the trachea to the lungs) (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Carotid artery

Located in the neck, it is one of the three major branches of the aortic arch (Betts et al., 2013)

Cauda equina

Bundle of spinal nerve roots that descend from the lower spinal cord below the first lumbar vertebra and lie within the vertebral cavity; has the appearance of a horse’s tail (Betts et al., 2013)

Caudate

Nucleus deep in the cerebrum that is part of the basal nuclei; along with the putamen, it is part of the striatum (Betts et al., 2013)

Cauterize

To destroy tissue using a hot or cold instrument, an electrical current, or a chemical that burns or dissolves the tissue to kill tumors or stop bleeding (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

CD4 T cells

CD4 is the receptor that HIV uses to get inside T cells and reproduce. CD4+ helper T cells play an important role in T cell immune responses and antibody responses. (Betts et al., 2013)

Celiac

Pertaining to the abdomen (Betts et al., 2013)

Cellulitis

An infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, characterized by tenderness, fever, and blisters (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Central nervous system (CNS)

Anatomical division of the nervous system located within the cranial and vertebral cavities, namely the brain and spinal cord (Betts et al., 2013)

Central sulcus

Surface landmark of the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes (Betts et al., 2013)

Centrifugation

Process of using a rotating machine to generate centrifugal force to separate substances of different densities, remove moisture, or simulate gravitational effects (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cephalgia

Pain in the head (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cephalic flexure

The curve between the brain stem and forebrain (Betts et al., 2013)

Cephalic version

Turning the fetus’s head to facilitate birth (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cephalopelvic disproportion

A condition where the infant’s head is larger than the mother’s pelvis (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cerclage

A suture inserted into the cervix to prevent dilation and prevention miscarriage (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cerebellum

Region of the adult brain connected primarily to the pons that developed from the metencephalon (along with the pons) and is largely responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord (Betts et al., 2013)

Cerebral angiography

Process of recording the blood vessels of the cerebrum (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cerebral cortex

Outer gray matter covering the forebrain, marked by wrinkles and folds known as gyri and sulci (Betts et al., 2013)

Cerebral hemisphere

One half of the bilaterally symmetrical cerebrum (Betts et al., 2013)

Cerebral thrombosis

Formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel within the skull (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A colorless fluid produced by the brain that cushions the brain and spinal cord within the posterior (dorsal) cavity (Betts et al., 2013)

Cerebrum

Region of the adult brain that develops from the telencephalon and is responsible for higher neurological functions such as memory, emotion, and consciousness (Betts et al., 2013)

Cervicitis

Inflammation of the cervix (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cervix

The narrow inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina (Betts et al., 2013)

Cesarean section 

Delivery of the fetus through an abdominal incision (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Chemokine

Soluble, long-range, cell-to-cell communication molecule (Betts et al., 2013)

Chemoreceptors

Cells that sense changes in chemical levels (Betts et al., 2013)

Chemotaxis

Movement in response to chemicals; a phenomenon in which injured or infected cells and nearby leukocytes emit the equivalent of a chemical “911” call, attracting more leukocytes to the site (Betts et al., 2013)

Chemotherapy

Treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Chlorophyll

A green pigment that captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cholangiography

Radiographic imaging of the bile duct (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cholangioma

Tumor of the bile duct (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cholecystectomy

Excision of the gallbladder (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Choledocholithiasis

Condition of gallstones in the common bile duct (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cholelithiasis

Condition of gallstones (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cholesterol

An important component of bile acids; a building block of many hormones (Betts et al., 2013)

Chondromalacia

Degeneration of cartilage (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Chondrosarcoma

A type of cancer that forms in bone cartilage (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Chorioamnionitis

Inflammation of the chorion and amnion (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Choriocarcinoma

A malignant, fast-growing tumor that develops from trophoblastic cells (cells that help an embryo attach to the uterus and help form the placenta) (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Chorionic villus sampling

A procedure in which tissue from the placenta is tested for fetal chromosomal disorders (Betts et al., 2013)

Choroid plexus

Specialized structure containing ependymal cells that line blood capillaries and filter blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid in the four ventricles of the brain (Betts et al., 2013)

Chromosome

Composed of DNA and proteins; the condensed form of chromatin (Betts et al., 2013)

Chronic

A condition that lasts a long time with periods of remission and exacerbation (Betts et al., 2013)

Chronic inflammation

Ongoing inflammation that can be caused by foreign bodies, persistent pathogens, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (Betts et al., 2013)

Chyle

Lipid-rich lymph inside the lymphatic capillaries of the small intestine (Betts et al., 2013)

Circumcision

The surgical removal of the prepuce (Betts et al., 2013)

Cirrhosis

A type of chronic, progressive liver disease in which liver cells are replaced by scar tissue (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Cisterna chyli

A sac-like chamber that receives lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs by way of the left and right lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk (Betts et al, 2013)

Coelomic

Cavities that do not open to the outside (Betts et al., 2013)

Coitus

Sexual intercourse between a male and female (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Colectomy

Excision of the colon (Betts et al., 2013)

Colitis

Inflammation of the colon (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Colonoscope

A thin, tube-like instrument used to examine the inside of the colon (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Colonoscopy

Examination of the inside of the colon using a colonoscope, inserted into the rectum (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Colorectal

Pertaining to the colon or rectum (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Colostomy

An opening into the colon from the outside of the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Colostrum

A thick, yellowish substance secreted from a mother’s breasts in the first postpartum days (Betts et al., 2013)

Colposcope

A lighted magnifying instrument used to check the cervix, vagina, and vulva for signs of disease (Betts et al., 2013)

Colposcopy

A procedure in which a lighted, magnifying instrument called a colposcope is used to examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Combining form

A word root with a combining form vowel.

Combining form vowel

The combining form vowel is used to join word parts and to ease pronunciation. The most common combining form vowel is an “o,” but sometimes it is an “i” or an “e”.

Complement

Enzymatic cascade of constitutive blood proteins that have antipathogen effects, including the direct killing of bacteria (Betts et al., 2013)

Compliance

The ability of the blood vessels to dilate and constrict as needed (Betts et al., 2013)

Computerized tomography (CT)

A noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays in order to reveal minute details about structures in the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Condom

A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Conducting zone

The major functions of the conducting zone are to provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from the incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air (Betts, et al., 2013).

Congenital

Present at birth (Betts et al., 2013)

Conjunctivitis

Inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva; also called pinkeye (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Connective tissue

Type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body’s organs and systems (Betts et al., 2013)

Contraception

The use of drugs, devices, or surgery to prevent pregnancy (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Contusion

Injury resulting in a bruise (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Coronary arteries

Supply blood to the myocardium and other components of the heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Surgery in which a healthy blood vessel taken from another part of the body is used to make a new path for blood around a blocked artery leading to the heart. This restores the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Coronary heart disease

A disease in which there is a narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Corpus callosum

Large white matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres (Betts et al., 2013)

Corpus cavernosum

Either of two columns of erectile tissue in the penis that fill with blood during an erection (Betts et al., 2013)

Corpus spongiosum

Column of erectile tissue in the penis that fills with blood during an erection and surrounds the penile urethra on the ventral portion of the penis (Betts et al., 2013)

Costal cartilage

Made of hyaline cartilage and located at the end of each rib (Betts et al., 2013)

Craniotomy

An operation in which a piece of the skull is removed (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Cranium

Completely surrounds and protects the brain from non-traumatic injury (Betts et al., 2013)

Creatine kinase MB

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of creatine to phosphocreatine, consuming ATP (Betts et al., 2013)

Crohn’s disease

A condition in which the gastrointestinal tract is inflamed over a long period of time (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Cryotherapy

A procedure in which an extremely cold liquid or an instrument called a cryoprobe is used to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Cryptorchidism

The failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum prior to birth (Betts et al., 2013)

CT colonography

A method to examine the inside of the colon by taking a series of x-rays (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Cutaneous

Skin (Betts et al., 2013)

Cutaneous membrane

Epithelial tissue made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells that cover the outside of the body; skin (Betts et al., 2013)

Cyanosis

A condition in which the oxygen supply is restricted, causing the skin to look blue (Betts et al., 2013)

Cyanotic

Pertaining to abnormal discolouration of blue (bluish colour, lips and nail beds) caused by deoxygenation (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Cyclic neutropenia

A condition in which the number of neutrophils in the blood goes in cycles from normal to low and back to normal again (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Cyst

Closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material.

Cystectomy

Excision of all or part of the bladder to remove a cyst (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Cystitis

Inflammation of the lining of the bladder (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Cystocele

A condition in which weakened pelvic muscles cause the bladder to drop from its normal position (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cystography

Radiographic imaging of the bladder (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cystoscope

A thin, tube-like instrument used to look inside the bladder and urethra (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Cystoscopy

Examination of the bladder and urethra using a cystoscope, inserted into the urethra (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Cystostomy

Creation of an artificial opening into the bladder (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cystotomy

Incision into the bladder (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Cytokine 

A signaling molecule that allows cells to communicate with each other over short distances (Betts et al., 2013)

Cytoplasm

A water-based cellular fluid (Betts et al., 2013)

Dacryocystitis

Inflammation of the tear (lacrimal) sac (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Dacryocystorhinostomy

Creation of an artificial opening between the lacrimal sac and the nose (to restore drainage) (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Deamination

The removal of an amino group from a molecule (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Debridement

Excision of damaged tissues and cell debris from a wound or burn to prevent infection and promote healing (Betts et al., 2013)

Deep

Describes a position farther from the surface of the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Deep lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic vessels of the organs (Betts et al., 2013)

Defensins

The lysozyme enzyme and proteins which have antibacterial properties (Betts, et al., 2013)

Dehydration

A net loss of water that results in insufficient water in blood and other tissues (Betts et al., 2013)

Dendrite

One of many branchlike processes that extends from the neuron cell body and functions as a contact for incoming signals (synapses) from other neurons or sensory cells (Betts et al., 2013)

Dermabrasion

A procedure to remove superficial scars using sandpaper or revolving wire brushes (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Dermatitis

Inflammation of the skin (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Dermatofibroma

Fibrous tumor of the skin (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Dermatologist

Medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating skin disorders (Betts et al., 2013)

Dermatology

Study of disorders of the skin (Betts et al., 2013)

Dermis

The layer that is made of dense, irregular connective tissue that houses blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures (Betts et al., 2013)

Descending tract

Central nervous system fibers carrying motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord or periphery (Betts et al., 2013)

Detrusor

A muscle which forms a layer of the wall of the bladder (Betts et al., 2013)

Diabetes mellitus

A disease in which the body does not control the amount of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood and the kidneys make a large amount of urine. This disease occurs when the body does not make enough insulin or does not use it the way it should (Betts et al., 2013)

Diagnosis

The process of identifying a disease, condition, or injury from its signs and symptoms (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Dialysis

The process of filtering the blood when the kidneys are not able to cleanse it (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Diapedesis

The migration of blood cells through the intact walls of blood vessels into the surrounding tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Diaphoresis

Sweating (Betts et al., 2013)

Diaphragm

A sheet of skeletal muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities that has to contract and relax for you to breathe (Betts et al., 2013)

Diarrhea

Frequent and watery bowel movements (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Diastole

Period of time when the heart muscle is relaxed and the chambers fill with blood (Betts et al., 2013)

Diastolic pressure

The arterial pressure of blood during ventricular relaxation, or diastole (Betts et al., 2013)

Diencephalon

Region of the adult brain that retains its name from embryonic development and includes the thalamus and hypothalamus (Betts et al., 2013)

Digit

Finger or toe (Betts et al., 2013)

Dilation and curettage

A procedure to scrape and remove tissue from the inner lining of the uterus. The cervix is dilated (made larger) and a curette (spoon-shaped instrument) is inserted into the uterus to remove tissue. The procedure is used to test tissue for signs of disease, after a miscarriage, or to treat certain conditions (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Diploid

A cell containing two matched sets of chromosomes (Betts et al., 2013)

Diplopia

Double vision (Betts et al., 2013)

Direct pathway

Connections within the basal nuclei from the striatum to the globus pallidus internal segment and substantia nigra pars reticulata that disinhibit the thalamus to increase cortical control of movement (Betts et al., 2013)

Discitis

Inflammation of the intervertebral disk (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Diskectomy

Excision of the intervertebral disk (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Dissection

When a body is dissected, its structures are cut apart in order to observe their physical attributes and relationships to one another (Betts et al., 2013)

Distal

A position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Diuresis

Excess production of urine (Betts et al., 2013)

Diverticulitis

Inflammation of one or more pouches or sacs that bulge out from the wall of a hollow organ, such as the colon (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Diverticulosis

A condition marked by small sacs or pouches in the walls of a hollow organ, such as the colon (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Dorsal (posterior) nerve root

Axons entering the posterior horn of the spinal cord (Betts et al., 2013)

Douching

Washing the vagina with fluid (Betts et al., 2013)

Ductus arteriosus

A temporary connection between pulmonary trunk and aorta in the fetal heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Ductus deferens

Duct that transports sperm from the epididymis through the spermatic cord and into the ejaculatory duct; also referred as the vas deferens (Betts et al., 2013)

Duodenitis

Inflammation of the duodenum (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Duodenum

The first portion of the small intestine (Betts et al., 2013)

Dura mater

Tough, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges that is attached to the inner surface of the cranium and vertebral column and surrounds the entire central nervous system (Betts et al., 2013)

Dysentery

Acute inflammation of the intestine presenting with abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Dyskinesia

Abnormal involuntary movements of the extremities, trunk, or jaw (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Dysmenorrhea

Painful menstruation (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Dyspareunia

Genital pain before, during, or after intercourse (National LIbrary of Medicine, 2021)

Dyspepsia

Upset stomach (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Dysphonia

Condition of difficult speaking, including hoarseness and change in pitch or quality of the voice (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Dyspnea

Difficulty breathing (Betts et al., 2013)

Dystocia

Slow or difficult labor (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Dysuria

Painful urination (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Echocardiogram

A computer picture of the heart created by bouncing high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs of the chest (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Echocardiography

A procedure that uses high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) to look at tissues and organs inside the chest (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Eclampsia

A very serious condition in pregnant women with hypertension; patients are at high risk of coma, convulsions, and even death (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Ectopic pregnancy

A pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall (Betts et al., 2013)

Eczema

Non-infectious, inflammatory disease presenting as redness, blisters, scabs, and itching (Betts et al., 2013)

Edema

Swelling due to excessive liquid in the tissues (Betts et al., 2013)

Efferent lymphatic vessels

Vessels that lead out of a lymph node (Betts et al., 2013)

Efferent nerves

Nerve tissue that carries impulses away from the CNS towards the peripheral that result in motor response (movement) (Betts et al., 2013)

Ejaculatory duct

Duct that connects the ampulla of the ductus deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle at the prostatic urethra (Betts et al., 2013)

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

The record of the heart’s function produced by the electrocardiograph (Betts et al., 2013)

Electrocardiograph

The instrument that generates an electrocardiogram (ECG); 10 electrodes are placed in standard locations on the patient’s skin to record heart function (Betts et al., 2013)

Electrocardiography

The science of recording the electrical activity of the heart (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Electroencephalogram

The record of electrical activity of the brain (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Electroencephalography

Process of recording the electrical activity of the brain (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Electromyogram

Record of the electricity of the muscle (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Electromyography

Recording of muscle electrical activity in response to a nerve’s stimulation of the muscle (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Electrophysiology

The study of electrical properties of cells and tissues (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Embolus

An obstruction such as a blood clot or plaque that blocks the flow of blood in an artery or vein (Betts et al., 2013)

Emesis

Vomiting (Betts et al., 2013)

Emulsification

The process of breaking down the fat into smaller blood cells, which makes it easy for enzymes to function and digest food (Betts et al., 2013)

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the tissues of the brain (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Encephalomalacia

Softening of the tissues of the brain (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Endarterectomy

Excision of plaque from within the artery (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Endocarditis

A condition in which the tissues lining the inside of the heart and the heart valves become inflamed (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Endocardium

The innermost layer of the heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Endocrine gland

A ductless gland that releases secretions directly into surrounding tissues and fluids (Betts et al., 2013)

Endocrine system

Cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones as a primary or secondary function and play an integral role in normal bodily processes (Betts et al., 2013)

Endocrinologist

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating disorders of the endocrine system (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Endocrinology

A specialty in the field of medicine that focuses on the treatment of endocrine system disorders (Betts et al., 2013)

Endometriosis

A disease characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue found outside the uterus (Betts et al., 2013)

Endometritis

Inflammation of the endometrium (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Endometrium

The innermost layer of the uterus. It provides the site of implantation for a fertilized egg and sheds during menstruation if no egg is fertilized (Betts et al., 2013)

Endophthalmitis

Inflammation within the eye (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Endoscope

A thin, tube-like instrument used to look at tissues inside the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Endoscopy

A procedure that uses an endoscope to examine the inside of the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Endothelium

Epithelium that lines vessels in the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems (Betts et al., 2013)

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

Neural tissue associated with the digestive system that is responsible for nervous control through autonomic connections (Betts et al., 2013)

Enucleation

Excision of a whole organ or mass without cutting into it (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Enuresis

Involuntary urination (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Ependymal cell

Glial cell type in the central nervous system responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (Betts et al., 2013)

Epidermis

The outer, protective layer of the skin (Betts et al., 2013)

Epididymis

A coiled tubular structure in which sperm start to mature and are stored until ejaculation (Betts et al., 2013)

Epididymitis

Inflammation of the epididymis (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Epiglottis

Leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is a portion of the larynx that swings to close the trachea during swallowing (Betts et al., 2013)

Epiglottitis

Inflammation of the epiglottis (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Epinephrine

A hormone that causes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose; also known as adrenaline (Betts et al., 2013)

Epiphyses

The wider section at the end of long bones (Betts et al., 2013)

Episiotomy

Incision made in the posterior vaginal wall and perineum that facilitates vaginal birth (Betts et al., 2013)

Epistaxis

Nosebleed (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Epithalamus

Region of the diencephalon containing the pineal gland (Betts et al., 2013)

Epithelial membrane

Epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Epithelium

Sheets of cells that cover the exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways, and form certain glands; also known as epithelial tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Equilibrium

The sense of balance (Betts et al., 2013)

Erythroblastosis fetalis

An immune reaction between maternal and fetal blood due to the Rh antigen; also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) (Betts et al., 2013)

Erythrocyte

A red blood cell (Betts et al., 2013)

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells (Betts et al., 2013)

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone produced by the kidneys that triggers the production of red blood cells (Betts et al., 2013)

Esophagitis

Inflammation of the esophagus (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Esophagoscopy

Examination of the esophagus using an esophagoscope (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Esophagus

Pertaining to the esophagus (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Eupnea

A mode of breathing that occurs at rest and does not require the cognitive thought of the individual; also known as quiet breathing (Betts et al., 2013)

Eversion

Foot movement in which the bottom of the foot is turned laterally, away from the midline (Betts et al., 2013)

Exacerbation

A transient worsening of disease symptoms (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Excisional skin surgery

A surgical procedure used to remove moles, cysts, skin cancer, and other skin growths using local anesthesia (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Excretion

To get rid of waste material from the blood, tissues, or organs by a normal discharge (such as sweat, urine, or stool) (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Exocrine gland

A gland whose secretions leave through a duct that opens directly, or indirectly, to the external environment (Betts et al., 2013)

Exocrine system

Cells, tissues, and organs that secrete substances directly to target tissues via glandular ducts (Betts et al., 2013)

Exocytosis

A form of active transport in which a cell exports material using vesicular transport (Betts et al., 2013)

Expiration

Exhalation, or the process of causing air to leave the lungs (Betts et al., 2013)

Extension

Movement in the sagittal plane that increases the angle of a joint (straightens the joint) (Betts et al., 2013)

External nose

The surface and skeletal structures that result in the outward appearance of the nose and contribute to its numerous functions (Betts et al., 2013)

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis outside the medullary cavity of adult bones (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Fascia

Fibrous tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Fauces

The opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx (Betts et al., 2013)

Feces

Semisolid waste product of digestion (Betts et al., 2013)

Fetal

Pertaining to the fetus (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Fibroelastic membrane

A flexible membrane that closes the posterior surface of the trachea, connecting the C-shaped cartilages (Betts et al., 2013)

Fibromyalgia

A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by muscle pain (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Fibrosis

A process in which muscle fibers are replaced by scar tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Fistula

An abnormal opening or passage between two organs or between an organ and the surface of the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Flares

A transient exacerbation of symptoms of an existing disease or condition (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Flatus

Gas in the intestine (Betts et al., 2013)

Flexion

Movement in the sagittal plane that decreases the angle of a joint (bends the joint) (Betts et al., 2013)

Foramen magnum

Large opening in the occipital bone of the skull through which the spinal cord emerges and the vertebral arteries enter the cranium (Betts et al., 2013)

Foramen ovale

An opening between right and left atria, which is normal in the fetal heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Fornix

The superior portion of the vagina (Betts et al., 2013)

Frontal lobe

Region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the frontal bone of the cranium (Betts et al., 2013)

Frontal plane

Two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions (Betts et al., 2013)

Frostbite

A condition in which conservation of the body core heat results in the skin freezing (Betts et al., 2013)

Fundus

The part of a hollow organ that is across from, or farthest away from, the organ’s opening (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Gamete

A specialized sex cell carrying 23 chromosomes (Betts et al., 2013)

Ganglion

Localized collection of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (Betts et al., 2013)

Ganglionectomy

Excision of a ganglion (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Gangrene

Death of tissue due to blood supply loss (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Gastrectomy

Stomach removal (Betts et al., 2013)

Gastric

Pertaining to the stomach (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Gastritis

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Gastroenteritis

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and the intestines (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Gastroenterologist

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Gastroenterology

A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Gastrojejunostomy

A surgical procedure that connects part of the stomach to the jejunum (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Gastroplasty

Surgical repair of the stomach (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Gastroscope

A thin, tube-like instrument used to examine the inside of the stomach (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Gastroscopy

Examination of the inside of the stomach using a gastroscope passed through the mouth and esophagus (National Cancer Institute. n.d.)

Gastrostomy

Creation of an artificial opening in the stomach (National Library of Medicine. 2021)

Genetic recombination

The combining of gene segments from two different pathogens (Betts et al., 2013)

Gestation

The period required for embryonic and fetal development in utero; pregnancy (Betts et al., 2013)

Gestational diabetes

Diabetes mellitus that occurs during pregnancy but resolves by the end of pregnancy in women without a history of diabetes (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Gestational hypertension

Elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure in pregnant women (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Gingivectomy

Excision of the gums (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Gingivitis

Inflammation of the gums (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Glans penis

Bulbous end of the penis that contains a large number of nerve endings (Betts et al., 2013)

Glial cell

One of the various types of neural tissue cells responsible for maintenance of the tissue, and largely responsible for supporting neurons (Betts et al., 2013)

Glioblastoma

A central nervous system tumor composed of developing glial tissue (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Glioma

A tumor that begins in the glial tissue (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Glomerulonephritis

A condition in which the tissues in the kidney become inflamed and have problems filtering waste from the blood (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Glossectomy

Surgical removal of all or part of the tongue (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Glossitis

Inflammation of the tongue (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Glottis

The glottis is composed of the vestibular folds, the true vocal cords, and the space between these folds (Betts et al., 2013)

Glycemia

Sugar in the blood (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Glycogen

A polysaccharide that is converted to glucose (Betts et al., 2013)

Glycosuria

Presence of glucose in the urine (Betts et al., 2013).

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Hormone released by the hypothalamus that regulates the production of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland (Betts et al., 2013)

Gonads

Reproductive organs (testes in men and ovaries in women) that produce gametes and reproductive hormones (Betts et al., 2013)

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

A condition that can occur in bone marrow transplant recipients; occurs when the transplanted cells mount an immune response against the recipient’s tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Gravidity

The number of pregnancies, complete or incomplete, experienced by a woman (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Gray matter

Regions of the nervous system containing cell bodies of neurons with few or no myelinated axons; actually may be more pink or tan in color, but called gray in contrast to white matter (Betts et al., 2013)

Great vessels

Include the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, aorta and pulmonary trunk (Betts et al., 2013)

Gynecologist

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating diseases of the female reproductive organs (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Gynecology

A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Gyrus

Ridge formed by convolutions on the surface of the cerebrum or cerebellum (Betts et al., 2013)

Hard palate

Located at the anterior region of the nasal cavity and is composed of bone (Betts et al., 2013)

Heart murmur

An abnormal heart sound (Betts et al., 2013)

Heart rate

The number of times the heart beats within a certain time period, usually a minute (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Hematocrit

A lab test which measures the percentage red blood cells in a sample of whole blood (Betts et al., 2013)

Hematologist

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating blood disorders (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Hematology

The study of blood and blood-forming issues (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Hematoma

A pool of mostly clotted blood that forms in an organ, tissue, or body space (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Hematopoiesis

The production of blood cells (Betts et al., 2013)

Hematuria

Blood in the urine (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Hemihypertrophy

A condition in which one side of the body or a part of one side is larger than the other (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Hemiplegia

Paralysis on one side of the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Hemocytoblast

A hematopoietic stem cell (Betts et al., 2013)

Hemolysis

The breakdown of red blood cells (Betts et al., 2013)

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

A condition in which the mother’s Rh antibodies cross the placenta into the fetal bloodstream and destroy the fetal RBCs (Betts et al., 2013)

Hemophilia

A group of related disorders in which there is the inadequate production of functional amounts of one or more clotting factors (Betts et al., 2013)

Hemopoiesis

The process by which the body produces blood (Betts et al., 2013)

Hemopoietic growth factors

Chemical messengers which promote the proliferation and differentiation of formed elements and include erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors, and interleukins (Betts et al., 2013)

Hemorrhage

Excessive bleeding (Betts et al., 2013)

Hemorrhagic stroke

Disruption of blood flow to the brain caused by bleeding within the cranial vault (Betts et al., 2013)

Hemorrhoid

An enlarged or swollen blood vessel, usually located near the anus or the rectum (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Hemostasis

The process by which the body seals a ruptured blood vessel to prevent further blood loss (Betts et al., 2013)

Hemothorax

Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Hepatic portal system

Carriers blood to the liver for processing before it enters circulation (Betts et al., 2013)

Hepatitis

Disease of the liver causing inflammation (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Hepatoma

Tumor of the liver (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Hepatomegaly

Enlarged liver (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Herniorrhaphy

Suturing of a hernia (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Heterogeneous

Made up of elements or ingredients that are not alike (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Hidradenitis

Inflammation of a sweat gland (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Often referred to as “good” cholesterol (Betts et al., 2013)

Hilum of the lung

A concave region where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves also enter the lungs (Betts et al., 2013)

Hirsutism

A condition in which women and children have excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern as a result of elevated androgen levels (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Histamine

A vasodilator involved in the inflammatory response (Betts et al., 2013)

Histology

The study of tissues (Betts et al., 2013)

Homeostasis

The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things (Betts et al., 2013)

Homozygous genotype

A term that describes having two identical versions of the same gene (Betts et al., 2013)

Hormone

Secretion of an endocrine organ that travels via the bloodstream or lymphatics to induce a response in target cells or tissues in another part of the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

An infectious disease transmitted through semen, vaginal fluids, and blood that suppresses the immune system. HIV infection may be managed with antiviral drugs or may progress to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Betts et al., 2013)

Hydrocele

Accumulation of serous fluid between the layers of membrane covering the testis (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Hydrocephalus

The abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Hydronephrosis

Abnormal enlargement of a kidney, which may be caused by blockage of the ureter (such as by a kidney stone) or chronic kidney disease that prevents urine from draining into the bladder (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Hydrostatic

Relating to the equilibrium of liquids and the pressure exerted by liquid at rest (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypercalcemia

Excessive calcium in the blood (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Hypercapnia

Abnormally elevated blood levels of CO2 (carbon dioxide) (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypercholesterolemia

Higher than normal levels of cholesterol in the blood (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Hyperemesis gravidarum

Excessive vomiting during pregnancy (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Hyperesthesia

Increased sensitivity to stimuli (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Hyperglycemia

Abnormally high blood glucose levels (Betts et al., 2013)

Hyperkalemia

Higher-than-normal blood potassium levels (Betts et al., 2013)

Hyperkinesia

Excessive movement of muscles of the body as a whole (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Hyperlipidemia

Excessive fat in the blood (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Hyperopia

Farsightedness (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Hyperplasia

Abnormal growth due to the production of cells (Betts et al., 2013)

Hyperpnea

Forced breathing or breathing that is excessive (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypersensitivities

Reacting to something that would not normally evoke a reaction (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypertension

Abnormally high blood pressure (Betts et al., 2013)

Hyperthyroidism

The disease state caused by excessive production of hormones by the thyroid (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypertrophy

The enlargement of muscles (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypocalcemia

Abnormally low blood levels of calcium (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypocapnia

Abnormally low blood levels of CO2 (carbon dioxide) (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypodermis

The layer of the skin below the dermis that is composed mainly of loose connective and fatty tissues (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypoglycemia

Low blood glucose levels (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypokalemia

Abnormally decreased blood levels of potassium (Betts et al., 2013)

Hyponatremia

Lower-than-normal levels of sodium in the blood (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypopituitarism

State of deficient pituitary gland activity (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Hypotension

Blood pressure goes below the homeostatic set point when standing (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypothalamus

A region of the forebrain below the thalamus; has function in both the autonomic and endocrine systems and regulates homeostasis (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypothermia

Abnormally low body temperature (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypothyroidism

The disease state caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypovolemic

An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Hypoxemia

Below-normal level of oxygen saturation of blood (typically <95 percent) (Betts et al., 2013)

Hypoxia

Lack of oxygen supply to the tissues (Betts et al., 2013)

Hysterectomy

Surgery to remove the uterus and, sometimes, the cervix (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Hysterosalpingogram

A radiographic image of the uterus and uterine/fallopian tubes (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Hysteroscope

An endoscope used for examining the interior of the uterus (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Hysteroscopy

Endoscopic examination of the uterus (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Idiopathic

Something that is unknown (Betts et al., 2013)

Ileostomy

A procedure in which the ileum is brought through the abdominal wall (Betts et al., 2013)

Ileum

The longest part of the small intestine (Betts et al., 2013)

Immune system

Series of barriers, cells, and soluble mediators that combine to response to infections of the body with pathogenic organisms (Betts et al., 2013)

Immunity

Pertaining to the body’s ability to mount an overwhelming immune response against a pathogen so that it cannot produce disease (Betts et al., 2013)

Immunodeficiency

The decreased ability of the body to fight infections and other diseases (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Immunological memory

Ability of the adaptive immune response to mount a stronger and faster immune response upon re-exposure to a pathogen (Betts et al., 2013)

Immunology

The study of the body’s immune system (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD)

A small device placed by surgery in the chest or abdomen that is used to correct a heartbeat that is abnormal. Wires are passed through a vein to connect the device to the heart. When it detects abnormal heartbeats, it sends an electrical shock to the heart to restore the heartbeat to normal (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

In vitro fertilization

A process where the ova is fertilized outside the body and then implanted into the uterus (Betts et al., 2013)

Incision

A cut made in the body to perform surgery (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Incontinence

Loss of ability to control micturition (urination) (Betts et al., 2013)

Induction

The process of bringing on or starting labor through artificial means (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Induration

A firm, raised reddened patch of skin (Betts et al., 2013)

Infarct

cells and tissues that have died, often due to a complete disruption in the blood and oxygen supply (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Infection

The invasion and growth of bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms in the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Inferior

A position below or lower than another part of the body proper (Betts et al., 2013)

Inferior vena cava

One of the two largest veins in the body. It carries deoxygenated blood from the torso and legs back to the heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Infertility

The inability to produce children (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Inflammation

Basic innate immune response characterized by heat, redness, pain, and swelling (Betts et al., 2013)

Influenza (flu)

An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Infratemporal fossa

Located below the zygomatic arch and deep to the ramus of the mandible (Betts et al., 2013)

Inguinal canal

Opening in the abdominal wall that connects the testes to the abdominal cavity (Betts et al., 2013)

Initial segment

First part of the axon as it emerges from the axon hillock, where the electrical signals known as action potentials are generated (Betts et al., 2013)

Innate immune response

Fast-acting non-specific immune mechanisms that are present from birth (Betts et al., 2013)

Inspiration

Inhalation, or process of breathing air into the lungs (Betts et al., 2013)

Integration

Nervous system function that combines sensory perceptions and higher cognitive functions (memories, learning, emotion, etc.) to produce a response (Betts et al., 2013)

Interatrial septum

The wall separating the right and left atria (Betts et al., 2013)

Intercellular

Between cells (Betts et al., 2013)

Interferons

Early induced proteins made in virally infected cells that cause nearby cells to make antiviral proteins (Betts et al., 2013)

Internal nose

The nasal cavity (Betts et al., 2013)

Interstitial fluid

Extracellular fluid not contained within blood vessels (Betts et al., 2013)

Interstitial space

Spaces between individual cells in the tissues (Betts et al., 2013)

Interventricular septum

The wall of myocardium that separates the right and left ventricles (Betts et al., 2013)

Intracellular

Inside the cell membrane or within the cell (Betts et al., 2013)

Intracellular fluid

The fluid interior of the cell (Betts et al., 2013)

Intradermal

Within the skin (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Intramuscular

Within or into muscle (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Intravenous

Into or within the vein (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Inversion

Foot movement in which the bottom of the foot is turned toward the midline (Betts et al., 2013)

Iridectomy

Excision of part of the iris (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Iritis

Inflammation of the iris (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Ischemia

Lack of blood flow to body tissues (Betts et al., 2013)

Ischemic stroke

Disruption of blood flow to the brain because blood cannot flow through blood vessels as a result of a blockage or narrowing of the vessel (Betts et al., 2013)

Ischium

The lower and back part of the hip bone (Betts et al., 2013)

Isointense

Having the same intensity as another object (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Jaundice

A condition in which the skin and the whites of the eyes become yellow, urine darkens, and the color of stool becomes lighter than normal (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Jaundiced

Yellow-colored. Jaundice is a condition in which the skin and the whites of the eyes become yellow, urine darkens, and the color of stool becomes lighter than normal (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Chronic arthritis in children; also referred to as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Keloid

A raised or hypertrophic scar (Betts et al., 2013)

Keratin

An intracellular fibrous protein that gives hair, nails, and skin their hardness and water-resistant properties (Betts et al., 2013)

Keratinocytes

Cells that manufacture and store the protein keratin (Betts et al., 2013)

Keratitis

Inflammation of the cornea (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Keratomalacia

Degeneration of the cornea (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Keratoplasty

Surgical replacement of the cornea (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Keratosis

Any growth of horny tissue (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Kinesthesia

Sense of body movement based on sensation in the skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and the skin (Betts et al., 2013)

Kinetic energy

The energy matter possesses because of its motion (Betts et al., 2013)

Kyphosis

An excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region (Betts et al., 2013)

Labia

Lips; can refer to the lips of the mouth or the folds of hair-covered skin that begin just posterior to the mons pubis (Betts et al., 2013)

Labyrinthitis

Inflammation of the inner ear (labyrinth) (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Laceration

Torn, ragged-edged wound (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Lacrimal fluid

Tears of the eye (Betts et al., 2013)

Lacteals

The lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb digested fats (Betts et al., 2013)

Lactic acid

A substance produced by the body, such as during strenuous exercise, that aids in various chemical processes in the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Lactose

Milk sugar (Betts et al., 2013)

Laparoscope

A thin, tube-like instrument used to look at tissues and organs inside the abdomen (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Laparoscopy

A procedure that uses a laparoscope, inserted through the abdominal wall, to examine the inside of the abdomen (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Laparotomy

A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Laryngeal

Pertaining to the larynx (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Laryngopharynx

One of the three regions of the pharynx; inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx (Betts et al., 2013)

Laryngoplasty

Surgical repair of the larynx (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Laryngoscope

A thin, tube-like instrument used to examine the larynx (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Laryngoscopy

Examination of the larynx with a mirror or laryngoscope (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Larynx

A cartilaginous structure inferior to the laryngopharynx that connects the pharynx to the trachea and helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs; also known as the voice box (Betts et al., 2013)

Lateral

Describes the side or direction toward the side of the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Lesion

An area of abnormal tissue (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Lethargy

A condition marked by drowsiness and an unusual lack of energy and mental alertness (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Leukemia

A cancer involving an abundance of leukocytes (Betts, et al., 2013)

Leukocyte

White blood cell(s) (Betts et al., 2013)

Leukocytopenia

An abnormal decrease in the number of leukocytes (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Leukorrhea

White discharge from the vagina (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Leydig cells

Cells between the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produce testosterone; a type of interstitial cell (Betts et al., 2013)

Lingual tonsil

Lymphoid tissue located at the base of the tongue (Betts et al., 2013)

Lipolysis

The breakdown of adipose tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Lipoprotein

Compounds in which the hydrophobic triglycerides are packaged in protein envelopes for transport in body fluids (Betts et al., 2013)

Lithotripsy

The destruction of a calculus (stone) of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Lobectomy

Excision of the lobe(s) of an organ (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Longitudinal fissure

A large separation along the midline between the two cerebral hemispheres (Betts et al., 2013)

Lordosis

Excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar vertebral column region; also called swayback (Betts et al., 2013)

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Often referred to as ‘bad’ cholesterol (Betts et al., 2013)

Lumbago

Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Lumbar

Pertaining to the lumbar region of the spine (L1 to L5) (Betts et al., 2013)

Lumbar puncture

Procedure used to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid from the lower lumbar region of the vertebral column (Betts et al., 2013)

Lumbosacral

Pertaining to the region of the back that includes the lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and nearby structures (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Lumen

A hollow passageway through which blood flows (Betts et al., 2013)

Lupus

A chronic, inflammatory, connective tissue disease that can affect the joints and many organs (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Lymph

The term used to describe interstitial fluid once it has entered the lymphatic system (Betts et al., 2013)

Lymph node

One of the bean-shaped organs found associated with the lymphatic vessels (Betts et al., 2013)

Lymphadenitis

Inflammation of lymph nodes (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Lymphadenopathy

Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Lymphatic capillaries

Smallest of the lymphatic vessels and the origin of lymph flow (Betts et al., 2013)

Lymphatic system

Network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and ducts that carries lymph from the tissues and back to the bloodstream (Betts et al., 2013)

Lymphatic trunks

Large lymphatic vessels that collect lymph from smaller lymphatic vessels and empty it into the blood via lymphatic ducts (Betts et al., 2013)

Lymphocytes

The second most common type of leukocyte and are essential for the immune response (Betts et al., 2013)

Lymphoid

Referring to lymphocytes or tissue in which lymphocytes develop (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Lymphoid nodules

Unencapsulated patches of lymphoid tissue found throughout the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Lymphoma

A form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and other tissues. These leukocytes do not function properly, and the patient is vulnerable to infection (Betts. et al., 2013)

Lysosome

An organelle that contains enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components (Betts et al., 2013)

Macrophage

A large cell derived from a monocyte; they participate in innate immune responses (Betts et al., 2013)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A procedure in which radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer are used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Protein structures found on the outside of cells that help the immune system recognize non-self antigens (Betts et al., 2013)

Malignant

Cancerous (Betts et al., 2013)

Mammary glands

Modified sweat glands that produce breast milk (Betts et al., 2013)

Mammogram

Radiographic image of the breast (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Mammography

The use of film or a computer to create a picture of the breast (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Mammoplasty

Surgical reconstruction of the breast, including both augmentation and reduction (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Mast cell

Cell found in the skin and the lining of body cells that contains cytoplasmic granules with vasoactive mediators such as histamine (Betts et al., 2013)

Mastalgia

Pain or discomfort in one or both breasts (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Mastectomy

The surgical procedure to remove all or part of a breast (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Mastitis

A condition in which breast tissue is inflamed (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Mastoidectomy

Excision of the mastoid bone (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Mastoiditis

Inflammation of the mastoid bone (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Mechanoreceptors

A sensory neuron that responds to mechanical pressure (Betts et al., 2013)

Meconium

Fetal wastes consisting of ingested amniotic fluid, cellular debris, mucus, and bile (Betts et al., 2013)

Medial

Describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Medulla oblongata

A part of the brain stem responsible for control of heart rate and breathing (Betts et al., 2013)

Meissner corpuscle

A specialized sensory nerve structures that responds to light touch (Betts et al., 2013)

Melanin

Pigment that gives the hair and skin its color (Betts et al., 2013)

Melanocyte

A cell that produces the pigment melanin (Betts et al., 2013)

Melanoma

A cancer characterized by the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the epidermis (Betts et al., 2013)

Melena

Black, tarry feces containing blood (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Memory T cells

Long-lived immune cells reserved for future exposure to a pathogen (Betts et al., 2013)

Menarche

First menstruation in a pubertal female (Betts et al., 2013)

Meninges

The membranes that surround the central nervous system (Betts et al., 2013)

Meningioma

A tumor of the meninges (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges, the tough membranes that surround the central nervous system (Betts et al., 2013)

Meningocele

Protrusion of the meninges (Betts et al., 2013)

Meningomyelocele

Protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Menopause

The cessation of the menstrual cycle; is considered complete when a woman has not menstruated in a full year (Betts et al., 2013)

Menorrhagia

Excessive bleeding at menstruation (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Mesoderm

The middle germ layer in the embryo (Betts et al., 2013)

Metabolism

The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Metacarpal bones

The bones that form the palm of the hand (Betts et al., 2013)

Metastasis

The process in which cancer spreads from one part of the body to another (Betts et al., 2013)

Metrorrhagia

Excessive bleeding from the uterus not related to menstruation (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Microcephaly

A congenital abnormality where the head is small (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Microglia

Smaller than most of the other glial cells; they ingest and digest cells or pathogens that cause disease (Betts et al., 2013)

Microscope

An instrument that is used to look at cells and other small objects that cannot be seen with the eye alone (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Micturition

Also called urination or voiding (Betts et al., 2013)

Midbrain

A portion of the brainstem, positioned above the pons, also called mesencephalon, that assists in motor reflexes associated with visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli (Betts et al., 2013)

Midwifery

Practice of assisting in childbirth (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Mitochondria

A membranous, bean-shaped organelle that is the “energy transformer” of the cell (Betts et al., 2013)

Mitral valve

Located at the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle; also known as the bicuspid valve (Betts et al., 2013)

Monocyte

A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Mononeuropathy

Disease affecting a single peripheral nerve (National LIbrary of Medicine, 2021)

Motor nerves

Peripheral, efferent, myelinated nerve tissue that stimulates muscle contraction (Betts et al., 2013)

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Lymphoid nodule associated with the mucosa (Betts et al., 2013)

Mucous membranes

Epithelial membranes that line the body cavities and hollow passageways that open to the external environment (Betts et al., 2013)

Mucus

A thick, slippery fluid made by the membranes that line certain organs of the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Multipolar

Shape of a neuron that has multiple processes—the axon and two or more dendrites (Betts et al., 2013)

Muscular dystrophy

A general term for the group of inherited myopathies that are characterized by wasting and weakness of the skeletal muscle (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Musculoskeletal

Refers to both the muscular system and skeletal system (Betts et al., 2013)

Myalgia

Pain in a muscle or group of muscles (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Myasthenia gravis

A disease in which antibodies made by a person’s immune system prevent certain nerve-muscle interactions, causing weakness in the arms and legs, vision problems, and drooping eyelids or head (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Mycetoma

A chronic subcutaneous infection (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Myelin sheath

Lipid-rich layer of insulation that surrounds an axon, formed by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system; facilitates the transmission of electrical signals (Betts et al., 2013)

Myeloblast

A type of immature white blood cell that forms in the bone marrow (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Myeloma

Cancer that arises in plasma cells (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Myelopoiesis

Formation of bone marrow (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Heart attack, caused by lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Myocarditis

A rare condition in which the heart muscle becomes thick and inflamed and may also become weak (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Myocardium

The middle and thickest muscle layer of the heard (Betts et al., 2013)

Myopia

Nearsightedness (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Myringoplasty

Surgical repair of the tympanic membrane.

Naïve lymphocyte

Mature B or T cell that has not yet encountered antigen for the first time (Betts et al., 2013)

Nasal cavity

The inside of your nose (Betts et al., 2013)

Nasogastric

Describes the passage from the nose to the stomach (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Nasopharyngeal

Pertaining to the nose and pharynx (throat) (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Nasopharyngitis

Inflammation of the nose and pharynx (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Nasopharynx

The upper part of the throat behind the nose. An opening on each side of the nasopharynx leads into the ear (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Natal

Pertaining to being born or birth (Betts et al., 2013)

Natural killer cell (NK)

Cytotoxic lymphocyte of innate immune response (Betts et al., 2013)

Nausea

A feeling of sickness or discomfort in the stomach that may come with an urge to vomit (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Nebuilizer

A device used to turn liquid into a fine spray (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Necrosis

Accidental cell death (Betts et al., 2013)

Neonatal

Pertaining to the newborn’s first thirty days of life outside of the uterus (Betts et al., 2013)

Neonate

An infant during the first 28 days after birth (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Neonatologist

Physician who studies and treats disorders of the newborn (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Neonatology

A subspecialty of pediatric medicine concerned with the newborn (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Nephrectomy

Excision of all or part of the kidney (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Nephritis

A condition in which the tissues in the kidney become inflamed and have problems filtering waste from the blood (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Nephrolithiasis

Formation of stone(s) in the kidney (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Nephrolithotomy

Incision into the kidney to remove stone(s) (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Nephrologist

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating kidney disease (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Nephrology

A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Nephron

A highly specialized tubular structure responsible for creating the final urine composition (Betts et al., 2013)

Nephrostomy

Surgery to make an opening from the outside of the body to the renal pelvis (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Nerve

Bundle of fibers that receives and sends messages between the body and the brain (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Nervous

Nervous system function that causes a target tissue (muscle or gland) to produce an event as a consequence to stimuli (Betts et al., 2013)

Neuralgia

Pain of the peripheral or cranial nerves (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Neuritis

Inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Neuroglia

Supportive tissue of the nervous system, including the network of branched cells in the central nervous system (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) and the supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system (Schwann cells and satellite cells), also called glia (Betts et al., 2013)

Neurologist

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating disorders of the nervous system (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Neurology

A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Neuroma

Tumor made up of nerve cells (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Neuron

Cells that propagate information via electrochemical impulses (Betts et al., 2013)

Neuropathy

A nerve problem that causes pain, numbness, tingling, swelling, or muscle weakness in different parts of the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that are made by nerve cells and used to communicate with other cells, including other nerve cells and muscle cells (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Neutrophil

Phagocytic white blood cell recruited from the bloodstream to the site of infection via the bloodstream.

Nevus

A benign growth on the skin that is formed by a cluster of melanocytes (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Nociceptors

Sensory neurons that respond to pain (Betts et al., 2013)

Nocturia

Frequent urination at night that interrupts sleep (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Node of Ranvier

Gap between two myelinated regions of an axon, allowing for strengthening of the electrical signal as it propagates down the axon (Betts et al., 2013)

Nodule

A growth or lump that may be malignant or benign (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Norepinephrine

A chemical in the body that can act as a neurotransmitter and a hormone. It is released from the adrenal gland in response to stress and low blood pressure and is also known as noradrenaline (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Nosocomial infection

Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Nucleus

The cell’s central organelle, which contains the cell’s DNA (Betts et al., 2013)

Obesity

A common, chronic disease marked by an abnormally high, unhealthy amount of body fat (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Obstetrician

A doctor who specializes in caring for women during pregnancy and childbirth (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Obstetrics and gynecology

A branch of medicine that specializes in the care of women during pregnancy and childbirth and in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive organs; also called OB/GYN (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Occipital lobe

Region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the occipital bone of the cranium (Betts et al., 2013)

Occlusion

A blockage (Betts et al., 2013)

Oculomotor nerve

Responsible for eye movements (Betts et al., 2013)

Olfaction

The sense of smell (Betts et al., 2013)

Oligodendrocyte

Glial cell type in the central nervous system that provides the myelin insulation for axons in tracts (Betts et al., 2013)

Oligohydramnios

A condition of abnormally low amniotic fluid volume (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Oligomenorrhea

Abnormally infrequent menstruation (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Oligospermia

Condition of a suboptimal concentration of spermatozoa in the ejaculated semen to ensure successful fertilization of an ovum (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Oliguria

Below normal urine production of 400–500 mL/day (Betts et al., 2013)

Omentum

A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Oncogene

A gene that is a mutated form of a gene involved in normal cell growth and may cause the growth of cancer cells (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Oncologist

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2021)

Oncology

A branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2021)

Onychocryptosis

An ingrown nail (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Onychodystrophy

Abnormal changes in the shape, color, texture, and growth of the fingernails or toenails (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Onychomycosis

A fungal infection of the nail (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Onychophagia

Nail-biting (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Oocyte

Immature egg cell (Betts et al., 2013)

Oophorectomy

Surgery to remove one or both ovaries (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Oophoritis

Inflammation of the ovary (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Oophoropexy

A procedure in which one or both ovaries and fallopian tubes are separated from the uterus and attached to the wall of the abdomen (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Ophthalmia neonatorum

Conjunctivitis in newborns (severe) (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Ophthalmic artery

Provides blood to the eyes (Betts et al., 2013)

Ophthalmologist

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating eye problems (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Ophthalmology

A surgical specialty focused on the structure, function, and surgery of the eye (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Ophthalmopathy

Disease of the eye (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Ophthalmoplegia

Paralysis of one or more eye muscles (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Ophthalmoscope

Instrument used to view the inside of the eye (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Ophthalmoscopy

An exam of the fundus of the eye using a magnifying lens and light (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Opsonization

A process by which an antibody or an antimicrobial protein binds to a pathogen, thereby marking it as a target for phagocytes (Betts et al., 2013)

Optic nerve

Carriers signals from the retina to the brain (Betts et al., 2013)

Optometry

The professional practice of eye and vision care that involves measuring vision (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Oral

By or pertaining to the mouth (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Orchidectomy

Surgery to remove one or both testicles; also called orchiectomy (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Orchiectomy

Surgery to remove one or both testicles; also called orchidectomy (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Orchiopexy

Surgical fixation of the testicle (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Orchitis

Inflammation of a testis (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Oropharynx

The oropharynx is a passageway for both air and food and borders the nasopharynx and the oral cavity (Betts, et al., 2013)

Orthostatic

Standing up (Betts et al., 2013)

Osmolarity

The concentration of solutes in the blood plasma (Betts et al., 2013)

Osmosis

A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one (Betts et al., 2013)

Osseous tissue

Bone tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Ossicles

Three small bones located in the middle ear (Betts et al., 2013)

Osteitis

Inflammation of bone (National LIbrary of Medicine, 2021)

Osteoarthritis

The most common type of arthritis; associated with aging and “wear and tear” of the articular cartilage (Betts et al., 2013)

Osteoblast

The cell responsible for forming new bone (Betts et al., 2013)

Osteochondritis

Inflammation of bone and cartilage (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Osteocyte

Bone cell (Betts et al., 2013)

Osteolytic

Causing the breakdown of bone (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Osteomalacia

A softening of adult bones due to Vitamin D deficiency (Betts et al., 2013)

Osteomyelitis

Inflammation of bone and bone marrow (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Osteonecrosis

Abnormal condition of bone death (lack of blood supply) (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Osteopenia

Abnormally low bone mass or bone mineral density (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Osteopetrosis

Abnormal condition of porous bones (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Osteoporosis

A disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass that occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation (Betts et al., 2013)

Osteosarcoma

Malignant tumor of bone (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Otalgia

Pain in the ear (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Otitis externa

Inflammation of the outer ear (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Otitis media

inflammation of the middle ear (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Otolaryngologist

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat; also called ENT doctor (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Otomycosis

Fungal infection of the external ear (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Otosclerosis

Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule that can lead to hearing loss (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Otoscope

Instrument used to view the ear (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Otoscopy

Process of viewing the ear canal and eardrum (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Ovarian follicle

The oocyte and its supporting cells (Betts et al., 2013)

Ovarian ligament

A fibrous ligament that connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus (Betts et al., 2013)

Ovaries

Female gonads (Betts et al., 2013)

Ovulation

Release of a secondary oocyte and associated granulosa cells from an ovary (Betts et al., 2013)

Oximeter

Instrument used to measure the oxygenation of tissues (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Oxytocin

Hypothalamic hormone stored in the posterior pituitary gland and important in stimulating uterine contractions in labor, milk ejection during breastfeeding, and feelings of attachment (also produced in males) (Betts et al., 2013)

Pacemaker

An electronic device that is implanted in the body to monitor heart rate and rhythm. It gives the heart electrical stimulation when it does not beat normally (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Pacinian corpuscle

A specialized sensory nerve structure that responds to vibration (Betts et al., 2013)

Palatine tonsils

A pair of soft tissue masses located at the rear of the throat (pharynx) (Betts et al., 2013)

Pallor

Unnatural paleness of the skin (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Palpation

Examination by pressing on the surface of the body to feel the organs or tissues underneath (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Palpitations

A rapid or irregular heartbeat that a person can feel (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Pancreating

Pertaining to the pancreas (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Pancytopenia

A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of red and white blood cells and platelets in the blood (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Panhypopituitarism

A rare condition in which the pituitary gland stops making most or all hormones (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Papanicolaou smear (Pap test)

A procedure in which a small brush is used to gently remove cells from the surface of the cervix and the area around it so they can be checked under a microscope for cervical cancer or cell changes that may lead to cervical cancer (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Papillary layer

The superficial layer of the dermis made of loose, areolar connective tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Paracrine

Cellular signaling in which a factor secreted by a cell affects other cells in the local environment (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Paraplegia

Paralysis that affects both legs and lower part of the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Parasympathetic

Activity that is referred to by the epithet of rest and digest (Betts et al., 2013)

Parathyroid glands

Small structures located on the posterior thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) (Betts et al., 2013)

Parathyroidectomy

Surgery to remove one or more parathyroid glands (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Paresis

Partial paralysis wherein there is still some control of the muscles (Betts et al., 2013)

Paresthesia

Abnormal sensation in the extremities (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Parietal layer

Outermost layer of the pleura that connects to the thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm (Betts et al., 2013)

Parietal lobe

Region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the parietal bone of the cranium (Betts et al., 2013)

Paronychia

Infection of the skin around the nail (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Parturition

Childbirth (Betts et al., 2013)

Passive immunity

Transfer of immunity to a pathogen to an individual that lacks immunity to this pathogen usually by the injection of antibodies (Betts et al., 2013)

Pathogen

An organism that causes a disease (Betts et al., 2013)

Pathologist

A doctor who has special training in identifying diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Pelvic

Pertaining to the pelvis (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Penis

Male organ of copulation (Betts et al., 2013)

Percutaneous

Passing through the skin, as an injection or a topical medicine (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Perfusion

Penetration of blood (Betts et al., 2013)

Pericardial fluid

Watery fluid produced in the serous and visceral pericardium surrounding the surface of the heart (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Pericardiocentesis

Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the (sac) surrounding the heart (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the (sac) surrounding the heart (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Pericardium

Membrane that separates the heart from other mediastinal structures; consists of two distinct, fused sublayers: the fibrous pericardium and the parietal pericardium (Betts et al., 2013)

Perimenopause

The transitional period before and after menopause wherein the menstrual cycle is irregular and hormone levels widely fluctuate (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Peripheral arterial disease

Obstruction of vessels in peripheral regions of the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

All nervous tissue that is outside of the brain and spinal cord (Betts et al., 2013)

Peripheral vision

The outer sides of the field of vision (Betts et al., 2013)

Peritoneal

Having to do with the parietal peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and pelvic cavity) and visceral peritoneum (the tissue that covers most of the organs in the abdomen, including the intestines) (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Peritoneum

Serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there (Betts et al., 2013)

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum (Betts et al., 2013)

Permeability

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

pH

A measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance is, as determined by the number of free hydrogen ions in the substance (Betts et al., 2013)

Phagocytes

Cells that engulf and absorb bacteria and cell particles (Betts et al., 2013)

Phagocytized

The process by which certain cells are able to “eat” other cells or substances by engulfing them (Betts et al., 2013)

Phagocytosis

Movement of material from the outside to the inside of the cells via vesicles made from invaginations of the plasma membrane; process where some white blood cells engulf invading microorganisms  (Betts et al., 2013)

Phalanges

Finger and toe bones (Betts et al., 2013)

Phalanx

Any bone in the fingers or toes (Betts et al., 2013)

Pharmacist

A health professional who has special training in preparing and dispensing (giving out) prescription drugs (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Pharyngeal tonsil

The tonsil located at the back of the throat; also known as the adenoid when swollen (Betts et al., 2013)

Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the pharynx (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Pharynx

A tube formed by skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane that is continuous with that of the nasal cavities; also known as the throat (Betts, et al., 2013)

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Phlebotomist

A medical professional trained to draw blood, typically by performing a venipuncture of a surface vein of the arm (Betts et al., 2013)

Phlebotomy

A procedure in which a needle is used to take blood from a vein, usually for laboratory testing (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Photophobia

A condition in which the eyes are more sensitive than normal to light (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Photoreceptor

A specialized receptor in the eye that responds to light stimuli (Betts et al., 2013)

Phrenic nerve

The nerve connected to the spinal cord at cervical levels 3 to 5; it is responsible for the muscle contractions that drive ventilation (Betts et al., 2013)

Pia mater

Thin, innermost membrane of the meninges that directly covers the surface of the central nervous system (Betts et al., 2013)

Placenta

The organ that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, excretes waste products, and produces and secretes estrogens and progesterone (Betts et al., 2013)

Placenta abruptio

Occurs when the placenta prematurely becomes detached from the uterine wall, resulting in uterine bleeding, fetal distress, or fetal death; also known as abruptio placenta (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Placenta previa

Low placement of fetus within the uterus, which causes the placenta to partially or completely cover the opening of the cervix as it grows (Betts et al., 2013)

Plaque

A fatty material including cholesterol, connective tissue, white blood cells, and some smooth muscle cells (Betts et al., 2013)

Plasma cells

A type of B lymphocyte that produces antibodies, which bind to specific foreign or abnormal antigens in order to destroy them (Betts et al., 2013)

Plasmapheresis

A procedure in which a machine is used to separate the plasma from the blood cells (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Platelets

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting; also called thrombocytes (Betts et al., 2013)

Pleura

The membrane that wraps around the outside of your lungs and lines the inside of your chest cavity (Betts et al., 2013)

Pleural cavity

The space between the lung’s visceral and parietal layers (Betts et al., 2013)

Pleural effusion

An abnormal collection of fluid between the thin layers of tissue (pleura) lining the lung and the wall of the chest cavity (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleura (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Pleurodesis

A medical procedure that uses chemicals or drugs to cause inflammation and adhesion between the layers of the pleura to prevent buildup of fluid (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Pneumoconiosis

A condition caused by the inhalation of dust (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Pneumonectomy

Excision of the lung (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Pneumonia

A severe inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli (tiny air sacs) are filled with fluid (National Cancer Institute, n.d.).

Pneumothorax

An abnormal collection of air in the space between the thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and the chest cavity that can cause all or part of the lung to collapse (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Poliomyelitis

Acute infection by the poliovirus, especially of the motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Polycythemia

A rare disorder in which the bone marrow produces an abnormally large amount of blood cells (Betts et al., 2013)

Polycythemia vera

A disease in which there are too many red blood cells in the bone marrow and blood, causing the blood to thicken (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Polydipsia

Condition of excessive thirst (Betts et al., 2013)

Polyhydramnios

A condition where there is excessive amniotic fluid in the placenta (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Polymyositis

An inflammatory disease of the muscles closest to the center of the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Polyneuritis

Inflammation of several peripheral nerves at the same time (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Polyneuropathy

Disease of multiple peripheral nerves at the same time (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Polyp

A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Polypectomy

Excision of polyps (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Polyposis

The development of numerous polyps (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Polysomnography (PSG)

Simultaneous and continuous monitoring of several parameters during sleep to study normal and abnormal sleep (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Polyuria

Excessive urine production (Betts et al., 2013)

Pons

The main connection between the cerebellum and the brain stem. It is responsible for regulating several crucial functions, including the cardiovascular and respiratory systems (Betts et al., 2013)

Posterior

Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Postnatal

Pertaining to after birth (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Postpartum

The period of approximately 6 weeks immediately following childbirth (Betts et al., 2013)

Precancerous

A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer (Betts et al., 2013)

Preeclampsia

The abnormal condition in pregnancy where the patient experiences hypertension, edema and proteinuria (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Prefix

Word part at the beginning of a medical term that changes the meaning of the word root.

Premature

Occurring before expected; for example, premature birth or premature death (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Prenatal

Having to do with the time a female is pregnant, before birth occurs; also called antenatal (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Prepuce

Flap of skin that forms a collar around, and thus protects and lubricates, the glans penis; also referred to as the foreskin (Betts et al., 2013)

Primary adaptive response

Immune system’s response to the first exposure to a pathogen (Betts et al., 2013)

Primary lymphoid organs

Site where lymphocytes mature and proliferate; for example, red bone marrow and the thymus gland (Betts et al., 2013)

Primigravida

First pregnancy (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Process

In cells, an extension of a cell body; in the case of neurons, this includes the axon and dendrites (Betts et al., 2013)

Proctoscope

A thin, tube-like instrument used to look inside the anus and rectum (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Proctoscopy

A procedure that uses a proctoscope to look inside the anus and rectum (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Prolapse

The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Proliferate

The ability to reproduce rapidly (Betts et al., 2013)

Pronation

Forearm motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm forward to the palm backward position (Betts et al., 2013)

Prone

A face-down orientation (Betts et al., 2013)

Proprioception

Sense of position and movement of the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Prostaglandins

Signaling molecules derived from unsaturated fatty acids with hormone-like effects (Betts et al., 2013)

Prostate gland

A gland at the base of the bladder surrounding the urethra that contributes fluid to semen during ejaculation (Betts et al., 2013)

Prostatectomy

Surgery to remove part or all of the prostate and some of the tissue around it (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Prostatitis

Inflammation of the prostate gland (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Proximal

A position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Pruritus

Itching (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Pseudocyesis

False pregnancy (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Pseudostratified

Tissue with a single layer of irregularly shaped cells that give the appearance of more than one layer (Betts et al., 2013)

Psoriasis

A chronic disease of the skin marked by red patches covered with white scales (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Psychiatrist

A medical doctor who specializes in neuroscience and diagnoses and treats mental disorders (Betts et al., 2013)

Psychiatry

The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Psychologist

A specialist who can talk with patients and their families about emotional and personal matters (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Psychology

The study of how the mind works and how thoughts and feelings affect behavior (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Psychosis

A severe mental disorder in which a person loses the ability to recognize reality or relate to others (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Puerperal

Pertaining to immediately after childbirth (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Puerperium

Time directly after childbirth (6 to 8 weeks after giving birth) (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Pulmonary artery

Artery that arises from the pulmonary trunk (Betts et al., 2013)

Pulmonary edema

Fluid accumulation in alveoli and bronchioles (related to heart failure) (Betts et al., 2013)

Pulmonary embolism

A blood clot within the lung (Betts et al., 2013)

Pulmonary trunk

The very large artery referred to as a trunk, a term indicating that the vessel gives rise to several smaller arteries (Betts et al., 2013)

Pyelitis

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney calices (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the nephrons, renal pelvis, and kidney calices (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Pyloric sphincter

A band of smooth muscle at the junction between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum of the small intestine (Betts et al., 2013)

Pyloric stenosis

Narrowing of the pylorus or pyloric sphincter (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Pyloromyotomy

Incision into the pyloric muscle (used to correct pyloric stenosis) (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Pyuria

The presence of white blood cells in the urine (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Quadriceps

A group of four muscles located on the anterior (front) thigh (Betts et al., 2013)

Quadriplegia

Paralysis of all four limbs (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Radiculopathy

Disease of the nerve roots (National Library of Medicine, n.d.)

Radiography

A procedure that uses x-rays to take pictures of areas inside the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Radioisotopes

Radioactive isotopes (Betts et al., 2013)

Radiologist

A doctor who has special training in creating and interpreting pictures of areas inside the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Radiology

The use of radiation or other imaging technologies to diagnose or treat disease (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Rectal

By or pertaining to the rectum (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Rectocele

Herniation of the rectum into the vagina (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Reflux

The backward flow of liquid from the stomach into the esophagus (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Rejuvenation

The phenomenon of youthfulness, vitality, and freshness being restored (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Remission

A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms (Betts et al., 2013)

Renal cortex

The outer region of the kidney, between the renal capsule and the renal medulla (Betts et al., 2013)

Respiratory zone

The respiratory zone includes structures that are directly involved in gas exchange (Betts, et al., 2013)

Reticulated

Net-like (Betts et al., 2013)

Reticulocytes

Immature erythrocytes (Betts et al., 2013)

Retinitis pigmentosa

A disease that causes deterioration of the retinas of the eyes (Betts et al., 2013)

Retinoblastoma

Cancer that forms in the tissues of the retina (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Retinopathy

Disease of the retina (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Retinoscopy

Process of viewing the retina (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Retroperitoneal

Located behind the peritoneum (Betts et al., 2013)

Rhabdomyolysis

Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Cancer that forms in the soft tissues in a type of muscle called striated muscle (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Rheumatoid arthritis

An autoimmune disorder in which the body mounts an immune response against its own joint tissues, causing inflammation and damage to the joints (Betts et al., 2013)

Rhinitis

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Rhinoplasty

A plastic surgical operation on the nose, either reconstructive, restorative, or cosmetic (National LIbrary of Medicine, 2021)

Rhinorrhea

Excess nasal drainage; also called a “runny nose” (Betts et al., 2013)

Rhinoscope

A thin, tube-like instrument used to examine the inside of the nose (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Rhizotomy

Incision into a nerve root (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Rhytidoplasty

Excision of wrinkles of the skin (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Rickets

A painful condition in children where bones are misshapen due to a lack of calcium, causing bow-sleggedness (Betts et al., 2013)

Right lymphatic duct

Drains lymph fluid from the upper right side of the body into the right subclavian vein (Betts et al., 2013)

Roots of the great vessels

The part of each great vessel (aorta, pulmonary trunk, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava) that connects to the base of the heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Rotation

Movement of a bone around a central axis or around its long axis (Betts et al., 2013)

Sagittal plane

Two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides (Betts et al., 2013)

Salpingectomy

Excision of one or both of the uterine/fallopian tubes (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Salpingitis

Inflammation of a fallopian/uterine tube (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Salpingo-oophorectomy

Surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Salpingostomy

Creation of an artificial opening in the uterine/fallopian tube (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Sarcomere

The functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber (Betts et al., 2013)

Sarcopenia

Age-related muscle atrophy (Betts et al., 2013)

Satellite cell

Glial cell type in the peripheral nervous system that provides support for neurons in the ganglia (Betts et al., 2013)

Scar

A collagen-rich skin formed after the process of wound healing that differs from normal skin (Betts et al., 2013)

Schizophrenia

A group of severe mental disorders in which a person has trouble telling the difference between real and unreal experiences, thinking logically, having normal emotional responses to others, and behaving normally in social situations (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Schwann cell

Glial cell type in the peripheral nervous system that provides the myelin insulation for axons in nerves (Betts et al., 2013)

Sclera

The white of the eye (Betts et al., 2013)

Sclerosis

Hardening of tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Scoliosis

Lateral curvature of the spine (Betts et al., 2013)

Scrotum

An external pouch of skin and muscle that houses the testes (Betts et al., 2013)

Secondary adaptive response

Immune response observed upon re-exposure to a pathogen, which is stronger and faster than a primary response (Betts et al., 2013)

Secondary lymphoid organs

Sites where lymphocytes mount adaptive immune responses; examples include lymph nodes and spleen (Betts et al., 2013)

Semen

Ejaculatory fluid composed of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands (Betts et al., 2013)

Semilunar valves

The generic name for the the openings that lead to the pulmonary trunk and aorta (Betts et al., 2013)

Seminal vesicle

Gland that produces seminal fluid, which contributes to semen (Betts et al., 2013)

Seminiferous tubules

Structures within the testes where spermatogenesis occurs (Betts et al., 2013)

Sensation

Nervous system function that receives information from the environment and translates it into the electrical signals of nervous tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Sepsis

Organismal-level inflammatory response to a massive infection (Betts et al., 2013)

Septal cartilage

The flexible hyaline cartilage connected to the nasal bone (Betts, et al., 2013)

Seroconversion

The reciprocal relationship between virus levels in the blood and antibody levels (Betts et al., 2013)

Serous membrane

One of the thin membranes that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities (Betts et al., 2013)

Serous space

The very thin, fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral layers (Betts et al., 2013)

Sertoli cells

Cells that support germ cells through the process of spermatogenesis; a type of sustentacular cell (Betts et al., 2013)

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

A rare, inherited disease that is marked by a lack of B and T lymphocytes (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Sialolith

Stone in the salivary gland (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Sickle cell disease

An inherited disease in which the red blood cells have an abnormal crescent shape, block small blood vessels, and do not last as long as normal red blood cells; also called sickle cell anemia (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Sigmoidoscopy

Examination of the lower colon using a sigmoidoscope, inserted into the rectum (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Sinus rhythm

The normal electrical pattern followed by contraction of the heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinuses (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Skeletal muscle

The muscles responsible for voluntary muscle movement; also called striated muscle (Betts et al., 2013)

Sleep apnea

A chronic disorder characterized by the cessation of breathing during sleep (Betts et al., 2013)

Smooth muscle

The muscles responsible for involuntary muscle movement; also called striated muscle (Betts et al., 2013)

Soft palate

Located at the posterior portion of the nasal cavity and consists of muscle tissue (Betts et al., 2013)

Solutes

The minor component in a solution (Betts et al., 2013)

Soma

In neurons, that portion of the cell that contains the nucleus; the cell body, as opposed to the cell processes (axons and dendrites) (Betts et al., 2013)

Somatic cell

General term for a body cell (Betts et al., 2013)

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

Functional division of the nervous system that is concerned with conscious perception, voluntary movement, and skeletal muscle reflexes (Betts et al., 2013)

Sonogram

A computer picture of areas inside the body created by high-energy sound waves (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Speculum

An instrument used to widen an opening of the body to make it easier to look inside (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Sperm

Male gamete (spermatozoon) (Betts et al., 2013)

Spermatic cord

Bundle of nerves and blood vessels that supplies the testes; contains ductus deferens (Betts et al., 2013)

Spermatid

Immature sperm cells produced by meiosis II of secondary spermatocytes (Betts et al., 2013)

Spermatocyte

A male gametocyte from which a spermatozoon develops (Betts et al., 2013)

Spermatogenesis

The process of producing sperm (Betts et al., 2013)

Spermatogonia

The diploid precursor cells that become sperm (Betts et al., 2013)

Spermiogenesis

Transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa during spermatogenesis (Betts et al., 2013)

Sphygmomanometer

A blood pressure cuff attached to a measuring device (Betts et al., 2013)

Spinal cord

Organ of the central nervous system found within the vertebral cavity and connected with the periphery through spinal nerves; mediates reflex behaviors  (Betts et al., 2013)

Spirometry

The measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Spleen

Secondary lymphoid organ that filters pathogens from the blood (white pulp) and removes degenerating or damaged blood cells (red pulp) (Betts et al., 2013)

Splenectomy

Excision of the spleen (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Splenomegaly

Enlarged spleen (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Spondyloarthritis

Inflammation of the joints of the spine (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Spondylosis

A degenerative spinal disease that can involve any part of the vertebra, intervertebral disk, and surrounding soft tissue (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Sprain

The stretching or tearing of the supporting ligaments (Betts et al., 2013)

Sputum

Mucus and other matter brought up from the lungs by coughing (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Stapedectomy

Excision of the stapes (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Staphylococcus aureus

A bacteria that is commonly found in minor skin infections, as well as in the nose of some healthy people (Betts et al., 2013)

Steatorrhea

Condition characterized by chronic fatty diarrhea (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Stenosis

A condition in which the heart valves become rigid and may calcify over time (Betts et al., 2013)

Sterility

A condition of being unable to produce children. In other contexts, it means free from germs (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Sternoclavicular joint

The only bony articulation between the pectoral girdle of the upper limb and the axial skeleton (Betts et al., 2013)

Sternum

Breastbone (Betts et al., 2013)

Stethoscope

An instrument used to hear sounds produced by the heart, lungs, or other parts of the body (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Stillbirth

An infant who is born dead (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Stimulus

An event in the external or internal environment that registers as activity in a sensory neuron (Betts et al., 2013)

Stoma

A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Stomatitis

Inflammation or irritation of the mucous membranes in the mouth (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Strain

An overstretching or overexertion of a muscle (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Stratified squamous epithelium

Cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane (Betts et al., 2013)

Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis (Betts et al., 2013)

Stratum lucidum

The smooth, seemingly translucent layer of the epidermis located just above the stratum granulosum and below the stratum corneum (Betts et al., 2013)

Streptococcus

The bacteria that causes strep throat (Betts et al., 2013)

Stricture

Abnormal narrowing (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Stroke

Loss of neurological function caused by an interruption of blood flow to a region of the central nervous system, also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (Betts et al., 2013)

Stye

Infection of an oil gland of the eyelid (hordeolum) (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Subarachnoid space

Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that contains CSF and the fibrous connections of the arachnoid trabeculae (Betts et al., 2013)

Subcutaneous

Beneath the skin (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Subcutaneous layer

The layer of skin directly below the dermis (Betts et al., 2013)

Subdural hematoma

Accumulation of blood in the subdural space (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Sulcus

Groove formed by convolutions in the surface of the cerebral cortex (Betts et al., 2013)

Superficial

Describes a position nearer to the surface of the body (Betts et al., 2013)

Superficial lymphatics

Lymphatic vessels of the subcutaneous tissues of the skin (Betts et al., 2013)

Superior

A position above or higher than another part of the body proper (Betts et al., 2013)

Superior vena cava

One of two large veins in the body, which carries deoxygenated blood from the head and upper extremities back to the heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Supination

Forearm motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm backward to the palm forward position (Betts et al., 2013)

Supine

A face-up orientation (Betts et al., 2013)

Supraglottis

The upper part of the larynx (voice box), including the epiglottis (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

The division of the nervous system involved in our fight-or-flight responses. It continuously monitors body temperature and initiates appropriate motor responses (Betts et al., 2013)

Synaptic end bulb

Swelling at the end of an axon where neurotransmitter molecules are released onto a target cell across a synapse (Betts et al., 2013)

Synarthrosis

An immobile or nearly immobile joint (Betts et al., 2013)

Synovial membrane

Thin layer that lines the inner surface of the joint cavity at a synovial joint; produces the synovial fluid (Betts et al., 2013)

Syncope

Fainting (Betts et al., 2013)

Syndrome

A set of symptoms or conditions that occur together and suggest the presence of a certain disease or an increased chance of developing the disease (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Synovectomy

Excision of the synovial membrane (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Synovial sarcoma

Malignant tumor of the synovial membrane (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Synthesis

A chemical reaction that results in the synthesis (joining) of components that were formerly separate (Betts et al., 2013)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A chronic, inflammatory, connective tissue disease that can affect the joints and many organs; also called lupus (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Systole

Period of time when the heart muscle is contracting (Betts et al., 2013)

Systolic pressure

The arterial pressure resulting from the ejection of blood during ventricular contraction, or systole (Betts et al., 2013)

T cell

Lymphocyte that acts by secreting molecules that regulate the immune system or by causing the destruction of foreign cells, viruses, and cancer cells (Betts et al., 2013)

Tachycardia

A condition in which the resting rate is above 100 bpm (Betts et al., 2013)

Tachypnea

Rapid breathing (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Temporal lobe

Region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the temporal bone of the cranium (Betts et al., 2013)

Tendinitis

Inflammation of the tendon (Betts et al., 2013)

Tenosynovitis

Inflammation of the synovial membrane of a tendon (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Teratogen

An agent capable of producing malformations in a developing embryo (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Teratology

A branch of embryology for the study of congenital malformations and developmental abnormalities (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Testes

Male gonads (Betts et al., 2013)

Testicle

Male gonad (Betts et al., 2013)

Tetralogy of Fallot

A congenital heart condition comprised of four defects (Betts et al., 2013)

Thalamus

Major region of the diencephalon that is responsible for relaying information between the cerebrum and the hindbrain, spinal cord, and periphery (Betts et al., 2013)

Thalassemia

A genetic disorder characterized by abnormal synthesis of globin proteins and excessive destruction of erythrocytes (Betts et al., 2013)

Thermoreceptors

Specialized neurons that respond to changes in temperature (Betts et al., 2013)

Thermotherapy

Treatment of disease using heat (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Thoracalgia

Pain in the chest (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Thoracentesis

Removal of fluid from the pleural cavity through a needle inserted between the ribs (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Thoracic

Pertaining to the chest (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Thoracic cavity

A chamber located within the upper human torso which contains the heart and lungs (Betts et al., 2013)

Thoracic duct

Large duct that drains lymph from the lower limbs, left thorax, left upper limb, and the left side of the head (Betts et al., 2013)

Thoracodynia

Chest pain (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Thoracoscope

A thin tube-like instrument used to examine the inside of the chest (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Thoracoscopy

Examination of the inside of the chest, using a thoracoscope (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Thoracotomy

An operation to open the chest (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Thrombocyte

Platelets (Betts et al., 2013)

Thrombocytopenia

A condition in which there is an insufficient number of platelets (Betts et al., 2013)

Thrombocytosis

A condition in which there are too many platelets (Betts et al., 2013)

Thrombolysis

The process of breaking up a thrombus that is blocking blood flow (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Thrombolytic

A class of drugs that can help speed up the degradation of an abnormal clot (Betts et al., 2013)

Thrombophlebitis

Inflammation of a vein that occurs when a blood clot forms (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Thrombosis

The formation of unwanted blood clots (Betts et al., 2013)

Thrombus

Aggregation of fibrin, platelets, and erythrocytes in an intact artery or vein (Betts et al., 2013)

Thymectomy

Excision of the thymus gland (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Thymic involution

The shrinking of the thymus due to age (Betts et al., 2013)

Thymocytes

A type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system and develops from stem cells in the bone marrow; also called T cells and T lymphocytes (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Thymoma

Tumor of the thymus gland (National Cancer Institute. n.d.)

Thymus

Primary lymphoid organ, where t lymphocytes proliferate and mature (Betts et al., 2013)

Thyroidectomy

Excision of all or part of the thyroid gland (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Thyroiditis

Inflammation of the thyroid gland (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Tinea

A group of fungal skin diseases of the hair, skin, and nail tissues (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Tissue membrane

Thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, organs, and internal cavities (Betts et al., 2013)

Tissue rejection

The recipient’s immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as non-self and mounts an immune response against it, ultimately destroying it (Betts et al., 2013)

Tissue typing

The determination of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the tissue to be transplanted to better match the donor to the recipient (Betts et al., 2013)

Tonometer

Instrument used to measure pressure (within the eye) (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Tonometry

Process of measuring pressure (within the eye) (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Tonsillectomy

Excision of the tonsils (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Tonsillitis

Inflammation of the tonsils (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Tonsils

Lymphoid nodules associated with the nasopharynx (Betts et al., 2013)

Trachea

The windpipe (Betts et al., 2013)

Trachealis

A smooth muscle that bridges the gap between the free ends of C-shaped cartilages at the posterior border of the trachea (Betts et al., 2013)

Tracheitis

Inflammation of the trachea (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Trachelectomy

Excision of the cervix (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Tracheostomy

Surgery to create an opening into the trachea (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Tracheotomy

Surgical incision of the trachea (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Tract

Bundle of axons in the central nervous system having the same function and point of origin (Betts et al., 2013)

Transdermal

Absorbed through the unbroken skin (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain in which symptoms occur rapidly but last only a short time (Betts et al., 2013)

Triceps

The extensor muscles of the arms (Betts et al., 2013)

Tubal ligation

Surgical closure of the fallopian tubes for sterilization (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Tympanic membrane

Ear drum (Betts et al., 2013)

Tympanoplasty

Surgical repair of the tympanic membrane (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Umami

A Japanese word that means “delicious taste” and is often translated to mean savory (Betts et al., 2013)

Unicellular

Single-celled (Betts et al., 2013)

Unilateral

Pertaining to one side (Betts et al., 2013)

Unipolar

Shape of a neuron which has only one process that includes both the axon and dendrite (Betts et al., 2013)

Upper respiratory infection

Infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx cause by a virus (Betts et al., 2013)

Ureterocele

A cystic dilatation of the end of a ureter (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Ureterolithiasis

Formation of stone(s) in the ureter (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Ureteroscopy

Examination of the inside of the kidney and ureter, using a ureteroscope (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Ureterostomy

Creation of an artificial opening into the ureter (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Urethritis

Inflammation of the urethra (Betts et al., 2013)

Urinal

Receptacle used for the collection of urine (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Urinary

Pertaining to urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Urologist

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and reproductive organs in males (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Urology

A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes, and the genital tract in the male (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Uvula

A small bulbous, teardrop-shaped structure located at the apex of the soft palate (Betts, et al., 2013)

Vaccine

A killed or weakened pathogen or its components that, when administered to a healthy individual, leads to the development of immunological memory (a weakened primary immune response) without causing much in the way of symptoms (Betts et al., 2013)

Vaginal birth following a C-section

Delivery of an infant through the vagina in a female who has had a prior cesarean section (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Vaginitis

Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Vaginosis

Abnormal condition of the vagina (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Valve

A specialized structure that ensures one-way flow of blood (Betts et al., 2013)

Valvuloplasty

The widening of a stenosed heart valve using a balloon catheter (National Library of Medicine. 2021)

Varicocele

Distended veins of the spermatic cord (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Varicose veins

Distended, twisted veins (Betts et al., 2013)

Vas deferen

The duct that transports sperm from the epididymis through the spermatic cord and into the ejaculatory duct; also referred as the vas deferens (Betts et al., 2013)

Vasa vasorum

Small blood vessels within the walls of larger arteries and veins; literally means “vessels of vessels” (Betts et al., 2013)

Vascularization

The development of blood vessels (Betts et al., 2013)

Vascularized

Tissue that has numerous blood vessels (Betts et al., 2013)

Vasculitis

Inflammation of blood vessels (Betts et al., 2013)

Vasectomy

A procedure in which a small section of the ductus deferens is cut and sealed to interrupt sperm delivery. It is an effective form of male birth control (Betts et al., 2013)

Vasoconstriction

The physiological narrowing of blood vessels by contraction of the vascular smooth muscle (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Vasodilation

The physiological widening of blood vessels by relaxing the vascular smooth muscle (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Vasovasostomy

Creation of an artificial opening between ducts to restore fertility to males who have had a vasectomy (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Veins

Blood vessels that conduct blood toward the heart (Betts et al., 2013)

Venae cavae

The two major systemic veins (Betts et al., 2013)

Ventilator

A machine used to help a patient breathe (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Ventricle

Central cavity within the brain where cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulates (Betts et al., 2013)

Venules

Small blood vessels that carry blood to a vein (Betts et al., 2013)

Vertebral column

The spine (Betts et al., 2013)

Vertebroplasty

A procedure used to repair a bone in the spine that has a break caused by cancer, osteoporosis, or trauma (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Vesicle

A membranous sac (Betts et al., 2013)

Virus

A simple microorganism that may cause infection by invading body tissue (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Viscera

Internal organs (Betts et al., 2013)

Visceral

Pertaining to internal organs (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Visceral (sense)

Sense associated with the internal organs (Betts et al., 2013)

Visceral layer

Innermost layer of the pleura that is superficial to the lungs and extends into the lung fissures (Betts et al., 2013)

Viscosity

A measure of a fluid’s thickness or resistance to flow (Betts et al., 2013)

Visual acuity

Sharpness of vision (Betts et al., 2013)

Voiding

Also known as urination or micturition (Betts et al., 2013)

Vulvectomy

Excision of the vulva (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Vulvovaginitis

Inflammation of the vulva and vagina (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Wernicke’s area

Region at the posterior end of the lateral sulcus in which speech comprehension is localized (Betts et al., 2013)

Wheal and flare response

A soft, pale swelling at the site surrounded by a red zone (Betts et al., 2013)

White matter

Regions of the nervous system containing mostly myelinated axons, making the tissue appear white because of the high lipid content of myelin (Betts et al., 2013)

Xerophthalmia

Condition of dry eye (National Library of Medicine, 2021)

Zygote

A single cell formed by the fusion of an egg and sperm; also called the fertilized egg (Betts et al., 2013)

References

Betts, J. G., Young, K. A., Wise, J. A., Johnson, E., Poe, B., Kruse, D. H., Korol, O., Johnson, J. E., Womble, M., & DeSaix, P. (2013). Anatomy and physiology. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/

National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). NCI dictionary of cancer terms. National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms

National Library of Medicine. (2021). Medical Subject Headings database. National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html