Chapter 3: Healthcare Careers

Learning Objectives

  • Evaluate various healthcare careers based on job qualifications and industry outlooks.
  • Assess the skills required to be a competent healthcare professional.
  • Understand the different career paths available in healthcare.

Introduction

Every day, around the clock, people who work in the healthcare industry provide care for millions of people, from newborns to the very ill. In fact, the healthcare industry is one of the largest providers of jobs in the United States. Many health jobs are in hospitals. Others are in nursing homes, doctors’ offices, dentists’ offices, outpatient clinics, and laboratories. In this chapter, we will explore past, current, and future healthcare employment trends, review the skills necessary to be a successful health professional, and examine the many different types of occupations in the health field.

Healthcare Careers BACKground

Healthcare Employment: Past and Future Outlook

Healthcare jobs make up a significant portion of the U.S. labor force, with a wide range of positions available to suit a variety of skills and interests. Between 2012 and 2022, total employment in the U.S. (excluding farm workers) grew by 15%, or 19.7 million jobs. In comparison, the healthcare sector grew by 16% (4.2 million jobs) (Figure 3.1) (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, n.d.).

However, at different times between 2020 and 2022, many areas of the U.S. faced healthcare workforce shortages tied to COVID-19 surges. COVID-19 put increased demands on the healthcare workforce in terms of messaging, immunizations, testing, and inpatient/outpatient care while often limiting the supply of healthcare workers able to respond. While some healthcare workers were stretched in the early phase of the pandemic and in subsequent surges trying to address the needs of COVID-19 patients, other healthcare workers not involved in the response were furloughed or had their hours reduced, as facilities temporarily closed or limited elective procedures to minimize revenue loss. The pandemic also exacerbated existing workforce shortages faced by home care agencies. Some workers left the workforce due to fear of contracting the virus or infecting family members or clients; others were unable to maintain sufficient hours because clients refused visits because they were fearful of allowing anyone into their homes and because fewer clients were being referred to home health when many states restricted elective surgeries.

Significant actions by federal, state, and local authorities as well as by health systems and individual providers have attempted to address these disruptions. Some actions were new efforts addressing specific costs associated with testing for, immunization against, and treatment of COVID-19. Others sought to address workforce capacity shortages, such as increasing Medicare funding to support physician training. However, these pandemic-related disruptions and workforce shortages took place within the context of significant pre-pandemic shortages in some geographic areas, many of which were exacerbated by the uneven and extended duration of the pandemic, as well as pre-existing concerns about high levels of burnout and mental health challenges for many healthcare workers.

Line graph comparing employment trends. The X-axis represents one-year increments, beginning in 2013 and ending in 2022. The left y-axis represents total nonfarm employment in 5,000 increments, beginning at 125,000 and ending at 155,000. The right y-axis represents healthcare and related employment in 5,000 increments, beginning at 14,500 and ending at 18,500. The graph shows steady growth in both nonfarm and healthcare and related employment between 2012 and 2020. Both lines have a steep decrease in 2020. The graph ends with both lines increasing in 2022 to pre-2020 numbers.
Figure 3.1: Healthcare and related employment, January 2012 – September 2022. Data exclude sole proprietors, the unincorporated self-employed, unpaid volunteer or family workers, farm workers, and domestic workers. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Employment Statistics (wage and salary employment, seasonally adjusted). Healthcare and related series include CES6562110001, CES6562120001, CES6562130001, CES6562140001, CES6562150001, CES6562160001, CES6562190001, CES6562200001, CES6562300001, CES9091622001, CES9092262201, and CES9093262201. [Image description.]

Nonetheless, the healthcare sector is, and is expected to remain, a significant piece of the U.S. economy. As of September 2022, healthcare and healthcare-related occupations comprise approximately 12% (18 million) of jobs in the U.S.; in other words, more than one in 10 employed Americans work in healthcare or healthcare-related jobs. Most work in hospitals (37%) and offices of health practitioners (28%), with nursing and residential care facilities (17%), outpatient, laboratory, and other ambulatory services (9%), and home healthcare services (9%) accounting for the remaining jobs (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, n.d.).

Overall employment in healthcare occupations is projected to grow 13% from 2021 to 2031, much faster than the average for all occupations; this increase is expected to result in about 2 million new jobs over the decade. In addition to new jobs from growth, opportunities arise from the need to replace workers who leave their occupations permanently. About 1.9 million openings each year, on average, are projected to come from growth and replacement needs.

Core Skills in Healthcare

To be successful in any field, it is expected that workers within that industry possess certain competencies. A competency is the capability to apply or use a set of related knowledge, skills, and abilities required to successfully perform “critical work functions” or tasks in a defined work setting. Not to be confused with competence, a competency describes a behavior but does not attempt to describe a level of performance. A competency model is a collection of competencies that together define successful performance in a particular work setting.

There are many career paths in healthcare, each with its own set of requisite knowledge, skills, and abilities. However, common competencies apply to all occupations within the field. Developed by the Employment and Training Administration and Health Professionals Network, the Fundamentals of Health Care Competency Model describes what a worker needs to know and be able to do in order to be successful in the field.

Select Competencies from the Fundamentals of Health Care Competency Model

  • Interpersonal Skills
    • Maintain open lines of communication with others.
    • Interact respectfully and cooperatively with others who are of a different race, culture, or age, or have different abilities, gender, or sexual orientation.
  • Integrity
    • Behaving ethically.
    • Accept responsibility for one’s decisions and actions and for those of one’s group, team, or department.
  • Professionalism
    • Deal calmly and effectively with stressful or difficult situations.
    • Accept criticism tactfully and attempt to learn from it.
    • Dress appropriately for occupational and worksite requirements.
  • Lifelong Learning
    • Learn and accept help from supervisors and co-workers.
    • Take charge of personal career development by identifying occupational interests, strengths, options, and opportunities.
  • Teamwork
    • Develop constructive and cooperative working relationships with others.
    • Work as part of a team, contributing to the group’s effort to achieve goals.
  • Problem Solving and Decision-Making
    • Make difficult decisions even in highly ambiguous or ill-defined situations.
  • Business Fundamentals
    • Recognize one’s role in the functioning of the organization and understand the potential impact one’s own performance can have on the success of the organization.
  • Health and Safety
    • Take actions to ensure the safety of self and others, in accordance with established personal and job site safety practices.

For the full list, see “Fundamentals of Health Care Competency Model” from the Competency Model Clearinghouse.

Choosing a career

To understand what type of work suits you and to be able to convey that to others to get hired, you must become an expert in knowing who you are. Gaining self-knowledge is a lifelong process, and college is the perfect time to gain and adapt this fundamental information. The following are some of the types of information that you should have about yourself:

  • Interests: Things that you like and want to know more about. These often take the form of ideas, information, knowledge, and topics.
  • Skills/Aptitudes: Things that you either do well or can do well. These can be natural or learned and are usually skills—things we can demonstrate in some way.
  • Values: Things that you believe in. Frequently, these are conditions and principles.
  • Personality: Things that combine to make you distinctive. Often, this shows in the way you present yourself to the world. Aspects of personality are customarily described as qualities, features, thoughts, and behaviors.
A Venn diagram showing the relationship between “You” and “Career Fitness.” In the left circle, the "You" attributes are interests skills/aptitudes, values, and personality. Your strengths include your knowledge, skills, and abilities. In the right circle are the characteristics of a job: duties, qualifications, expectations and standards, working conditions, and career path. The employer's needs include knowledge, skills, and abilities. Where the two circles intersect is text that reads "Employer Needs + Your Strengths = Fit".
Image 3.1: Your fit for a job lies at the intersection of your attributes and the elements of the position. When your strengths align with the employer’s needs, both can mutually benefit. Image description.

Other Factors

When considering your desired career path, also think about the factors that will influence your success as a student and future healthcare professional. Ask yourself the following:

  • How much time must I invest before I actually start making money in this career? Will I need to spend additional time in school? If so, can I afford to wait?
  • Will this career provide me with the kind of income I need in the short term and the security I’ll want in the longer term? What investment will I need to make to be successful in this field (education, tools, franchise fees, et cetera.)?
  • How will this career affect my personal and family life? Do friends and family members who know me well feel strongly (for or against) about this career choice? How important is their input?
  • What physical and social factors do I desire in my career? For example, does this career necessitate working conditions that do not align with my needs or abilities? Will I be exposed to hazardous conditions? If so, am I comfortable with that possibility? Will this career require too much or too little interaction with other people for my preferences? Will the work be highly routine or challenging?

Additionally, know whether you must obtain credentialing beyond your college education before you can begin working, as this may add additional time and cost to your career plan. Licenses and certifications show that a person has the specific knowledge or skill needed to do a job. Although the two terms may be used interchangeably, a license and certification refer to separate credentials:

  • License
    • Awarded by a governmental licensing agency
    • Gives legal authority to work in an occupation
    • Requires meeting predetermined criteria, such as having a degree or passing a state-administered exam
  • Certification
    • Awarded by a professional organization or other nongovernmental body
    • Is not legally required in order to work in an occupation
    • Requires demonstrating competency to do a specific job, often through an examination process

Typically, you earn these credentials after you’ve completed your education. Sometimes, you become licensed or certified after you’ve gained practical experience, such as through an internship, residency, or time on the job. Earning a license or certification involves meeting standards, which often includes passing an exam. An employer may require either credential.

These terms should not be confused with accreditation, which is the recognition from an accrediting agency that an institution maintains a certain level of educational standards requisite for its graduates to gain admission to other reputable institutions of higher learning or to achieve credentials for professional practice.

Choosing A Career: Self-Reflection Activity

Occupational Profiles

The following represent the five groups of occupations associated with the healthcare industry in the U.S.

Readers using the PDF or a screen reader, please visit Appendix A to view the occupational profiles in table format.

Biotechnology Research and Development Occupations

     
Engineer operating a piece of lab equipment. Two scientists in the laboratory with pipettes.
Occupation Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers Medical Scientists
Description Combine engineering principles with sciences to design and create equipment, devices, computer systems, and software. Conduct research aimed at improving overall human health. Often use clinical trials and other investigative methods to reach their findings.
Entry-Level Education Bachelor’s Doctorate or medical degree
Credentialing Requirements None Licensure required for some roles
Median Wage ($) 97,410 95,310
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 10% increase 17% increase
Skills Analytical skills
Communication skills
Creativity
Math skills
Problem-solving skills
Communication skills
Critical-thinking skills
Data-analysis skills
Decision-making skills
Observation skills

Diagnostic Services Occupations

       
A technician operating an ultrasound machine. Two technicians in the laboratory staring at a computer. A laboratory technologist examines a petri dish.
Occupation Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians Clinical Laboratory Technicians Clinical Laboratory Technologists
Description Create images and conduct tests involving the heart and lungs. Collect samples and perform tests to analyze body fluids, tissue, and other substances. Perform more complex tests and laboratory procedures than technicians.
Entry-Level Education Associate’s Associate’s Bachelor’s
Credentialing Requirements Varies by state Varies by state Varies by state
Median Wage ($) 60,570 57,800 57,800
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 5% increase 7% increase 7% increase
Skills Communication skills
Detail-oriented
Hand-eye coordination
Physical stamina
Technical skills
Ability to use technology
Detail-oriented
Dexterity
Physical stamina
Ability to use technology
Detail-oriented
Dexterity
Physical stamina
A sonographer performs an ultrasound on a patient's abdomen. A scientist stares at three computer monitors containing health data and diagrams. A technologist operates the MRI while a patient is laying inside the machine.
Occupation Diagnostic Medical Sonographers Epidemiologists MRI Technologists
Description Specialize in creating images, known as sonograms or ultrasounds, that depict the body’s organs and tissues. Public health workers who investigate patterns and causes of disease and injury. Operate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners to create diagnostic images.
Entry-Level Education Associate’s Master’s Associate’s
Credentialing Requirements Varies by state None Licensure required in a few states
Median Wage ($) 77,740 78,830 77,360
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 15% increase 26% increase 7% increase
Skills Communication skills
Detail-oriented
Hand-eye coordination
Physical stamina
Technical skills
Communication skills
Critical-thinking skills
Detail-oriented
Leadership skills
Math and statistical skills
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Math skills
Physical stamina
Technical skills
A health professional prepares a needle with medicine. Two radiologic technologists consult with each other about an X-ray image.
Occupation Nuclear Medicine Technologists Radiologic Technologists
Description Prepare radioactive drugs and administer them to patients for imaging or treatment. Perform x-rays and other diagnostic imaging examinations on patients.
Entry-Level Education Associate’s Associate’s
Credentialing Requirements Varies by state Licensure or certification required in most states
Median Wage ($) 78,760 61,370
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 2% increase 6% increase
Skills Ability to use technology
Analytical skills
Compassion
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Physical stamina
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Math skills
Physical stamina
Technical skills

Health Informatics Occupations

       
A business woman sits at a desk reading paperwork. Health care professional reading a medical record. Man sitting at a desk wearing a headset and staring at the computer monitor.
Occupation Health Information Technologists and Medical Registrars Medical Records Specialists Medical Transcriptionists
Description Advise organizations on computerized healthcare systems and analyze clinical data. Compile, process, and maintain patient files. Use electronic devices to convert voice recordings from physicians and other healthcare workers into formal reports.
Entry-Level Education Associate’s Postsecondary nondegree award Postsecondary nondegree award
Credentialing Requirements None; certification may be preferred by employers None; certification may be preferred by employers None; certification available
Median Wage ($) 55,560 46,660 30,100
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 17% increase 7% increase 7% decrease
Skills Analytical skills
Detail-oriented
Integrity
Interpersonal skills
Problem-solving skills
Analytical skills
Detail-oriented
Integrity
Interpersonal skills
Computer skills
Critical-thinking skills
Listening skills
Time-management
Writing skills

Support Services Occupations

       
A business woman sitting at a desk with a computer monitor, an e-tablet, and a ledger. A healthcare professional assists an elderly patient in a wheelchair. A pharmacy technician helps a patient.
Occupation Medical and Health Services Managers and Administrators Orderlies Pharmacy Technicians
Description Plan, direct, and coordinate medical and health services. They may manage an entire facility, a specific clinical area or department, or a medical practice for a group of physicians. Transport patients and clean treatment areas. Help pharmacists dispense prescription medication to customers or health professionals.
Entry-Level Education Bachelor’s High school diploma or equivalent High school diploma or equivalent
Credentialing Requirements Varies by state None Varies by state
Median Wage ($) 101,340 29,990 36,740
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 28% increase 5% increase 5% increase
Skills Analytical skills
Communication skills
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Leadership skills
Technical skills
Communication skills
Compassion
Patience
Physical stamina
Customer-service skills
Detail-oriented
Listening skills
Math skills
Organizational skills
A phlebotomist prepares to draw blood from a patient.
Occupation Phlebotomists
Description Draw blood for purposes such as tests, research, or donations.
Entry-Level Education Postsecondary nondegree award
Credentialing Requirements Varies by state
Median Wage ($) 37,380
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 10% increase
Skills Communication skills
Compassion
Detail-oriented
Dexterity
Interpersonal skills
Physical stamina

Therapeutic Services Occupations

       
A trainer assists a runner with her injured knee. An audiologist fits a patient for a hearing aid. A behavior analyst talks with a young child while writing notes.
Occupation Athletic Trainers Audiologists Behavior Analysts*
Description Specialize in preventing, diagnosing, and treating muscle and bone injuries and illnesses. Not to be confused with fitness trainers and instructors. Diagnose, manage, and treat patients who have hearing, balance, or related problems. Observe and analyze the behavior of individuals in order to develop treatment plans that improve skill repertoires, safety, and quality of life. Includes Board Certified Assistant Behavior Analysts (BCaBAs) and Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBAs).
Entry-Level Education Master’s Doctorate or professional degree Bachelor's (BCaBA); Master's (BCBA)
Credentialing Requirements Licensure or certification required in most states Licensure required in all states Certification required in all states; Licensure required in some states
Median Wage ($) 48,420 78,950 50,000 (BcaBA), 90,130 (BCBA)
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 17% increase 10% increase 10% increase
Skills Compassion
Decision-making skills
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Communication skills
Compassion
Critical-thinking skills
Interpersonal skills
Patience
Problem-solving skills
Active listening
Complex problem solving
Critical thinking
Instructing
Reading comprehension
Social perspectives
A chiropractor examines a patient. A dental assistant prepares a patient for an x-ray. A dental hygienist examining a patient.
Occupation Chiropractors Dental Assistants Dental Hygienists
Description Evaluate and treat patients’ neuromusculoskeletal system using spinal adjustments and manipulation, as well as other clinical interventions. Provide patient care, take x-rays, keep records, and schedule appointments. Examine patients for signs of oral diseases and provide preventive care.
Entry-Level Education Doctorate or professional degree Postsecondary nondegree award Associate’s
Credentialing Requirements Licensure required in all states Varies by state Licensure required in all states
Median Wage ($) 75,000 38,660 77,810
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 10% increase 8% increase 9% increase
Skills Communication skills
Decision-making skills
Detail-oriented
Dexterity
Empathy
Interpersonal skills
Detail-oriented
Dexterity
Interpersonal skills
Listening skills
Organizational skills
Critical thinking
Communication skills
Detail-oriented
Dexterity
Interpersonal skills
Problem-solving skills
A dentist demonstrating to his colleague and a patient how to brush teeth. A health professional sits with an older man who is eating breakfast. A physiologist consults with a patient.
Occupation Dentists Dietitians and Nutritionists Exercise Physiologists
Description Diagnose and treat problems with patients’ teeth, gums, and related parts of the mouth. Plan and conduct food service or nutritional programs to help people lead healthy lives. Develop fitness and exercise programs that help patients recover from chronic diseases and improve cardiovascular function, body composition, and flexibility. Not to be confused with fitness trainers and instructors or athletic trainers.
Entry-Level Education Doctorate or professional degree Bachelor’s Bachelor’s
Credentialing Requirements Licensure required in all states Varies by state Licensure required in Louisiana
Median Wage ($) 163,220 61,650 47,940
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 6% increase 7% increase 9% increase
Skills Communication skills
Detail-oriented
Dexterity
Leadership skills
Organizational skills
Patience
Problem-solving skills
Analytical skills
Compassion
Listening skills
Organizational skills
Problem-solving skills
Speaking skills
Compassion
Decision-making skills
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
A counselor sits with a couple who are holding hands. A home health aide tucks a patient into bed. A nurse assists a patient using a walker.
Occupation Genetic Counselors Home Health and Personal Care Aides Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses
Description Assess individual or family risk for a variety of inherited conditions, such as genetic disorders and birth defects. Monitor the condition of people with disabilities or chronic illnesses and help them with daily living activities. Work under the direction of registered nurses and doctors to provide basic medical care.
Entry-Level Education Master’s High school diploma or equivalent Postsecondary nondegree award
Credentialing Requirements Licensure required in most states Varies by state Licensure required in all states
Median Wage ($) 80,150 29,430 48,070
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 18% increase 25% increase 6% increase
Skills Communication skills
Compassion
Critical-thinking skills
Interpersonal skills
Organizational skills
Detail oriented
Emotional skills
Integrity
Interpersonal skills
Physical stamina
Compassion
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Patience
Physical stamina
Speaking skills
A medical assistant with a patient. A nurse with a patient in the operating room. A nurse midwife holding an infant.
Occupation Medical Assistants Nurse Anesthetists† Nurse Midwives†
Description Complete administrative and clinical tasks in the offices of physicians, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities. Not to be confused with physician assistants. Administer anesthesia and provide care before, during, and after surgical, therapeutic, diagnostic, and obstetrical procedures. Provide care to women, including gynecological exams, family planning services, and prenatal care.
Entry-Level Education Postsecondary nondegree award Master’s Master’s
Credentialing Requirements None; certification may be preferred by employers Varies by state Varies by state
Median Wage ($) 37,190 123,780 123,780
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 16% increase 12% increase 7% increase
Skills Analytical skills
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Technical skills
Communication skills
Critical-thinking skills
Compassion
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Leadership skills
Resourcefulness
Communication skills
Critical-thinking skills
Compassion
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Leadership skills
Resourcefulness
A nurse consults with a patient in a hospital bed. Nursing assistants help a patient get out of a hospital bed with crutches. An occupational therapist with an older female patient.
Occupation Nurse Practitioners† Nursing Assistants Occupational Therapists
Description Serve as primary and specialty care providers, delivering advanced nursing services to patients and their families. Provide basic care and help patients with activities of daily living. Treat injured, ill, or disabled patients through the therapeutic use of everyday activities.
Entry-Level Education Master’s State-approved education program Master’s
Credentialing Requirements Varies by state Varies by state Licensure required in all states
Median Wage ($) 123,780 30,310 85,570
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 46% increase 5% increase 14% increase
Skills Communication skills
Critical-thinking skills
Compassion
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Leadership skills
Resourcefulness
Communication skills
Compassion
Patience
Physical stamina
Adaptability
Communication skills
Compassion
Interpersonal skills
Patience
A health professional holding a file talking to a patient. A woman watching as a child draws. An optician helps a customer try on a pair of eyeglasses.
Occupation Occupational Therapy Aides Occupational Therapy Assistants Opticians
Description Perform support activities to help patients develop, recover, and improve. Provide therapy to help patients develop, recover, and improve. Help fit eyeglasses and contact lenses and help customers decide which eyeglass frames or contact lenses to buy.
Entry-Level Education High school diploma or equivalent Associate’s High school diploma or equivalent
Credentialing Requirements None Varies by state Licensure required in most states
Median Wage ($) 33,560 61,730 37,570
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 14% increase 25% increase 4% increase
Skills Adaptability
Compassion
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Physical strength
Adaptability
Compassion
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Physical strength
Business skills
Communication skills
Customer-service skills
Decision-making skills
Dexterity
An optometrist performing an eye exam. An orthotist working on a prosthesis. Two pharmacists standing near pharmacy shelves.
Occupation Optometrists Orthotists and Prosthetists Pharmacists
Description Examine the eyes and other parts of the visual system. Design and fabricate medical supportive devices, such as artificial limbs, and measure and fit patients for them. Dispense prescription medications to patients and offer expertise in the safe use of prescriptions.
Entry-Level Education Doctorate or professional degree Master’s Doctorate or professional degree
Credentialing Requirements Licensure required in all states Varies by state Licensure required in all states
Median Wage ($) 124,300 75,440 128,570
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 10% increase 17% increase 2% increase
Skills Decision-making skills
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Speaking skills
Communication skills
Detail-oriented
Patience
Physical dexterity
Physical stamina
Problem-solving skills
Analytical skills
Communication skills
Computer skills
Detail-oriented
Managerial skills
A physical therapist assists an elderly patient exercise. A health professional consults with a patient. A team of physicians and surgeons perform an operation.
Occupation Physical Therapists Physicians Assistants Physicians and Surgeons
Description Help injured or ill people improve movement and manage pain. Examine, diagnose, and treat patients under the supervision of a physician. Diagnose and treat injuries or illnesses and address health maintenance.
Entry-Level Education Doctorate or professional degree Master’s Doctorate or professional degree
Credentialing Requirements Licensure required in all states Licensure required in all states Licensure required in all states
Median Wage ($) 95,620 121,530 ≥208,000‡
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 17% increase 28% increase 3% increase‡
Skills Communication skills
Compassion
Detail-oriented
Dexterity
Physical stamina
Resourcefulness
Time-management skills
Communication skills
Compassion
Detail-oriented
Emotional stability
Interpersonal skills
Problem-solving skills
Communication skills
Compassion
Detail-oriented
Dexterity
Leadership skills
Organizational skills
Patience
Physical stamina
Problem-solving skills
A podiatrist performing a procedure on a patient's foot. A health professional holds the hand of an older patient. A health professional listens to a patient's lungs with a stethoscope.
Occupation Podiatrists Psychiatric Aides Psychiatric Technicians
Description Diagnose illnesses, treat injuries, and perform surgery for people with foot, ankle, and lower leg problems. Help patients who have a mental illness or developmental disabilities in their daily activities and ensure a safe and clean environment. Provide therapeutic care and monitor the conditions of patients with mental illness or developmental disabilities.
Entry-Level Education Doctorate or professional degree High school diploma or equivalent Postsecondary nondegree award
Credentialing Requirements Licensure required in all states None Licensure required in some states
Median Wage ($) 145,840 30,260 36,570
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 2% increase 5% increase 11% increase
Skills Communication skills
Compassion
Critical-thinking skills
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Compassion
Interpersonal skills
Observational skills
Patience
Physical stamina
Compassion
Interpersonal skills
Observational skills
Patience
Physical stamina
A psychiatrist meets with a male patient. Health professional prepares a needle containing medicine. A recreational therapist with a client in a swimming pool.
Occupation Psychiatrists Radiation Therapists Recreational Therapists
Description Diagnose, treat, and help prevent mental disorders. Administer doses of radiation to patients who have cancer or other serious diseases. Plan, direct, and coordinate recreation-based medical treatment programs to help maintain or improve patients’ physical, social, and emotional well-being.
Entry-Level Education Post-doctoral training or doctorate Associate’s Bachelor’s
Credentialing Requirements Licensure and certification Varies by state Licensure or certification required in some states
Median Wage ($) 226,880 82,790 47,940
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 10% 6% increase 4% increase
Skills Critical thinking
Detail-oriented
Integrity
Interpersonal communication
Listening skills
Problem-solving skills
Compassion
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Technical skills
Communication skills
Compassion
Leadership skills
Listening skills
Patience
Resourcefulness
A registered nurse with a patient. Respiratory therapist places an oxygen mask on a child. A speech-language pathologist with a patient.
Occupation Registered Nurses Respiratory Therapists Speech-Language Pathologists
Description Provide and coordinate patient care, educate patients and the public about various health conditions, and provide advice and emotional support to patients and their families. Care for patients who have conditions that cause them to have trouble breathing. Assess and treat people who have speech, language, voice, and fluency disorders.
Entry-Level Education Bachelor’s Associate’s Master’s
Credentialing Requirements Licensure required in all states Licensure required in all states except Alaska Licensure required in all states
Median Wage ($) 77,600 61,830 79,060
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 6% increase 14% increase 21% increase
Skills Critical-thinking skills
Communication skills
Compassion
Detail-oriented
Emotional stability
Organizational skills
Physical stamina
Compassion
Detail-oriented
Interpersonal skills
Patience
Problem-solving skills
Analytical skills
Communication skills
Compassion
Critical-thinking skills
Detail-oriented
Listening skills
Two surgical assistants in the operating room. Two technologists operating surgical equipment.
Occupation Surgical Assistants Surgical Technologists
Description Help surgeons with tasks such as making incisions, placing clamps, and closing surgical sites. Prepare operating rooms, arrange equipment, and help doctors and first assistants during surgeries.
Entry-Level Education Associate’s or postsecondary nondegree award Associate’s or postsecondary nondegree award
Credentialing Requirements None; certification may be preferred by employers None; certification may be preferred by employers
Median Wage ($) 48,320 48,530
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 6% increase 6% increase
Skills Communication skills
Detail-oriented
Dexterity
Integrity
Listening skills
Physical stamina
Stress-management skills
Communication skills
Detail-oriented
Dexterity
Integrity
Listening skills
Physical stamina
Stress-management skills

*Information on Behavior Analysts contributed by Sarah Kent.
†Nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners are also known as advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs).
‡The median wage and employment outlook for physicians and surgeons vary by specialty. See the Occupational Handbook for more information.

Other health-related occupations

Note that additional health-related career paths exist, such as those in public health and human services. See the table below for a selection of occupations.

       
A group of healthcare workers seated at a table, discussing a strategy they would be implementing Staff at the NRC’s Operations Center check simulated plant conditions during an emergency preparedness exercise with Columbia nuclear power plant in Washington State. A woman standing at the front of a conference room, giving a presentation.
Occupation Community health workers Emergency management directors Health education specialists
Description Act as intermediaries between residents and healthcare and social services providers. Prepare plans and procedures for responding to natural disasters and other emergencies. Teach people about behaviors that promote wellness.
Entry-Level Education High school diploma Bachelor's Bachelor's
Credentialing Requirements None Varies by state Certification may be preferred by employers
Median Wage ($) 46,590 76,730 60,600
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 16% increase 3% increase 8% increase
Skills Communication skills
Instructional skills
Interpersonal skills
Problem-solving skills
Communication skills
Critical-thinking skills
Decision-making skills
Interpersonal skills
Leadership skills
Analytical skills
Communication skills
Instructional skills
Interpersonal skills
Problem-solving skills
Male psychologist, standing, consults with two seated women. Male social worker meeting with mom and daughter.
Occupation Psychologists Social workers
Description Study cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior by observing, interpreting, and recording how people relate to one another and to their environments. Help individuals, groups, and families prevent and cope with problems in their everyday lives.
Entry-Level Education Doctorate Bachelor's or master's
Credentialing Requirements Licensure required in most states Licensure
Median Wage ($) 81,040 50,390
Job Outlook, (2021-31) 6% increase 9% increase
Skills Analytical skills
Communication skills
Integrity
Interpersonal skills
Observational skills
Patience
Problem-solving skills
Communication skills
Compassion
Interpersonal skills
Organizational skills
Problem-solving skills

Key Takeaways

  • Over the past 20 years, the healthcare industry has made up a significant proportion of jobs in the U.S. labor force, and that trend is expected to continue through at least 2031.
  • Healthcare professionals are expected to possess specific competencies. Engaging in self-reflection is an important step to understanding which competencies (and therefore which career paths) are most suitable to your interests, abilities, and needs.
  • Many occupations are available to individuals interested in a healthcare career, including those in the areas of biotechnology research and development, diagnostic services, health informatics, support services, and therapeutic services.

Vocabulary

  • Competency – the capability to apply or use a set of related knowledge, skills, and abilities required to successfully perform tasks in a defined work setting
  • Comptency model – a collection of competencies that define successful performance in a particular work setting
  • License – a credential awarded by a governmental licensing agency that gives legal authority to work in an occupation and requires meeting predetermined criteria
  • Certification – a credential awarded by a professional organization or other nongovernmental body that is not legally required in order to work in an occupation but demonstrates competency

chapter 3 Test Yourself

Instructions: Select one of the gray boxes below to see if your answer is correct.

Please see Appendix C for an offline copy of the Chapter 3 Test Yourself activity.

References and Attributions

Introduction

Health Occupations” from MedlinePlus. Published under public domain. Lightly edited for formatting.

Healthcare Careers Background

Healthcare Employment: Past And Future Outlook

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). Employment, hours, and earnings from the Current Employment Statistics survey, seasonally adjusted (National), January 2012 – September 2022 [Data set]. Occupational Employment Statistics. U. S. Department of Labor. Retrieved December 19, 2022, from https://www.bls.gov/ces/data/ 

The following sources were combined to form the section on the impact of COVID-19 on the healthcare workforce:

Healthcare Occupations” from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Published under public domain.

Core Skills in Healthcare

Competency Model Development And Use – A Technical Assistance Guide” and “Fundamentals of Health Care Competency Model” from the Competency Model Clearinghouse, a website sponsored by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL, ETA). Published under a CC BY 4.0 license. Lightly edited for brevity, clarity, and flow. USDOL, ETA has not approved, endorsed, or tested these modifications.

Choosing a Career

Your Map to Success: The Career Planning Cycle” in College Success by Amy Baldwin. Published by OpenStax under a CC BY 4.0 license. Lightly edited for brevity and consistency with its new context. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/college-success/pages/1-introduction

Other Factors

The following sources were combined:

Will I need a license or certification for my job?” by Elka Torpey. Published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics under a public domain license. Lightly for flow.

FAQs [What is accreditation?]” by the Database of Accredited Postsecondary Institutions and Programs. Published by the U.S. Department of Education, Recognition and Accreditation under a public domain license. Lightly edited for consistency with its new context.

Occupational Profiles

29-1223.00 – Psychiatrists” by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA). Published under a CC BY 4.0 license.

Occupational descriptions and data from the Occupational Outlook Handbook except where noted. Published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor under a public domain license. Lightly edited for brevity and flow.

Image Descriptions

Figure 3.1: Line graph comparing employment trends. The X-axis represents one-year increments, beginning in 2013 and ending in 2022. The left y-axis represents total nonfarm employment in 5,000 increments, beginning at 125,000 and ending at 155,000. The right y-axis represents healthcare and related employment in 5,000 increments, beginning at 14,500 and ending at 18,500. The graph shows steady growth in both nonfarm and healthcare and related employment between 2012 and 2020. Both lines have a steep decrease in 2020. The graph ends with both lines increasing in 2022 to pre-2020 numbers. [Return to Figure 3.1].

Image 3.1: A Venn diagram showing the relationship between “You” and “Career Fitness.” In the left circle, the “You” attributes are interests skills/aptitudes, values, and personality. Your strengths include your knowledge, skills, and abilities. In the right circle are the characteristics of a job: duties, qualifications, expectations and standards, working conditions, and career path. The employer’s needs include knowledge, skills, and abilities. Where the two circles intersect is text that reads “Employer Needs + Your Strengths = Fit”. [Return to Image 3.1].

License

Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

Career Cornerstones: Establishing a Foundation for a Career in Healthcare Copyright © 2023 by Katherine Greene and Andrea Nelson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book